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Mrs. Paulus
GHP World Studies
Chapter 12: The Making of Europe in the Middle Ages
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Transformation of the Roman World
A. The New Germanic Kingdoms
1. The Kingdom of the Franks
2. The Society of the Germanic Peoples
B. The Role of the Christian Church
1. The Organization of the Church
2. The Monks and Their Mission
C. Charlemagne and the Carolingians
II. The World of Lords and Vassals
A. Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
B. The Development of Fief-holding
C. The Practice of Fief-holding
D. The Nobility of the Middle Ages
1. Aristocratic Women
III. Evolution of the European Kingdoms
A. England in the High Middle Ages
B. Growth of the French Kingdom
C. The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire
D. The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe
1. The Development of Russia
IV The World of Peasants and Townspeople
A. The New Agriculture
B. The Manorial System
C. Daily Life of the Peasantry
D. The Revival of Trade
E. The Growth of Cities
1. Daily Life in the Medieval City
2. Industry in Medieval Cities
V. Christianity and Medieval Civilization
A. The Papal Monarchy
1. Reform of the Papacy
2. The Church Supreme
B. New Religious Orders and New Spiritual Ideals
VI. The Culture of the High Middle Ages
A. The Rise of Universities
B. The Development of Scholasticism
C. Romanesque Architecture
D. The Gothic Cathedral
VII. The Expansion of Medieval Europe: The Crusades
A. The First Crusades
B. The Later Crusades
VIII. The Late Middle Ages: A Time of Troubles in Europe
A. The Black Death
B. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval
C. Political Instability
1. The Hundred Years’ War
2. Political Disintegration
D. The Decline of the Church
1. The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1378)
2. The Great Schism and Cries for Reform
IX. Conclusion
Identifications:
1. Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Angles and Saxons
2. wergeld
3. monasticism
4. St. Benedict and. St. Hilda of Whitby
5. Charlemagne and missi dominici
6. Vikings, Magyars and Bulgars
7. feudalism
8. fiefs and feudal aids
9. Eleanor of Aquitaine
10. Henry II and the common law
11. Magna Carta
12. Edward I and Parliament
13. the Capetians
14. Philip IV the fair and the Estates-General
15. Holy Roman Empire
16. Frederick I and Frederick II and Italy
17. the Slavs
18. Cyril and Methodius and the Slavonic/Cyrillic alphabet
19. the Rus, Kiev, and Vladimir
20. Russia and the Mongols
21. carruca
22. three-field system
23. manorialism and serfdom
24. the woolen cloth trade
25. fairs of Champagne
26. burghs and boroughs
27. craft guilds
28. Gregory VII and the Investiture Controversy
29. Innocent III and the interdict
30. Cistercians, Dominicans and Franciscans
31. the papal inquisition
32. universities and the traditional liberal arts
33. St. Thomas Aquinas and scholasticism
34. Romanesque and barrel vaults
35. Gothic and flying buttresses
36. Abbot Suger and the abbey of Saint-Denis
37. Urban II and Council of Clermont
38. Saladin and the Third Crusade
39. the Fourth Crusade and Constantinople
40. “little ice age”
41. the Black Death and Yersinia pestis
42. flagellants and anti-Jewish pogroms
43. Peasants’ Revolt, 1381
44. Hundred Years War
45. Crecy and Agincourt
46. Joan of Arc
47. gunpowder
48. Avignon
49. the Great Schism
50. Council of Constance
THOUGHT/DISCUSSION QUESTIONS FOR THE PRIMARY SOURCES (BOXED DOCUMENTS)
1. “Germanic Customary Law: The Ordeal”—Does this account by Gregory of Tours appear to be an
objective one? What do the claims and views indicate about the relative influence of
Germanic and Christian traditions at the time? What impact would this story have upon
sixth century Christians?
2. “The Achievements of Charlemagne”—Considering the activities of the Merovingians before
Charlemagne and others later, does he appear to have been truly great, or merely a fairly
competent figure among mediocre rivals? Would Charlemagne have been a role model to the
later Middle Ages? Why or why not?
3. “A Muslim’s Description of the Rus”—Does Ibn Fadlan’s account seems accurate? Why or why
not?
4. “An Italian Banker Discusses Trading Between Europe and China”—From this excerpt, what are
the challenges presented to those who wish to trade with China? What are the possible
reasons why Pegolotti claims that the road to China is safe, both day and night? Is there
anything in the account which would cause surprise in Europeans of that era? If so, what?
5. “A Miracle of Saint Bernard”—What does this story reveal about the Christian beliefs of the
High Middle Ages?
6. “The Siege of Jerusalem: Christian and Muslim Perspectives”—Are the two accounts of the
capture of Jerusalem believable? Why and/or why not? Do the two excerpts differ in any
way? If so, where and why? What does the excerpt reveal about Christendom during the
High Middle Ages?
7. “A Medieval Holocaust: The Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews”—Why were the Jews singled out
for persecution? Was the Black Death the reason or an excuse for the greedy actions of
the people of Strasbourg?
8.“Boniface VIII’s Defense of Papal Supremacy”—Compare and contrast Boniface VIII with
Gregory VII. How are they similar and how do they differ? Was Boniface “out of touch” with his
times? What, if anything, has changed since the High Middle Ages?
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