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Study Guide - Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics Section 1: Inside the Earth Study and know the Composition Layers of the Earth (Crust, Mantle, Core) –from the Earth model we made in class. These layers are based on areas of similar composition (the elements that are present). Need to know their order from outside in, Thickness, Temperature, Composition and State. (p. 190) Know how Earth’s layers are further grouped into 5 Physical Layer (“Spheres”) based on their Physical properties (solid, liquid, plastic solid). Know their order from outside-in, important features: (p. 192) Lithosphere – made up of the plates are located. Asthenosphere – the “plastic” layer of the Mesosphere – the strong, lower part of the Outer Core – this layer is in a liquid Inner Core – this layer is in a crust solid and upper part of the mantle mantle mantle on which the tectonic . This is where plates . state state Use the following terms to label the diagram below. Terms may be used more than once. crust mantle outer core inner core tectonic plate astenosphere mesosphere move. tectonic Study Guide - Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics Section 2: Restless Continents What is Continental Drift and who came up with the idea? (p. 198) Continental Drift is the hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations. A scientist named Alfred Wegener came up with the theory in the early 1900’s. What is Pangea? (p. 199) Pangea was a single, huge continent formed when all the present continents were joined in one huge, single continent . We now know from the hypothesis of plate tectonics that Pangaea existed about 245 million years ago. Use the two terms below to explain how we know the Continents/Tectonic Plates move: (p. 198, 205) Fossils GPS Continental drift explains why fossils of the same plant and animal species are found on continents that are on different sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Many of these ancient species could not have crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Scientists use a system of satellites called the global positioning system (GPS), to measure the rate of tectonic plate movement. Radio signals are continuously beamed from satellites to GPS ground stations, which record the exact distance between the satellites and the ground station. Over time, these distances change slightly. By recording the time it takes for the GPS ground stations to move a given distance, scientists can measure the speed at which each tectonic plate moves. What happens when plates separate on the sea floor and what evidence do we have that this takes place? (p. 200, 201) Mid-ocean ridges are places where sea-floor spreading takes place. Sea-floor spreading is the process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises toward the surface and solidifies. Some of the most important evidence of sea-floor spreading comes from magnetic reversals recorded in the ocean floor. Which is older, rock that is close to the mid-ocean ridge or rock that is far away from the mid-ocean ridge? (p. 200) Older rock is far away from the mid-ocean ridge. Younger rock is formed at the mid-ocean ridge. Section 3: The Theory of Platae Tectonics What does the theory of Plate Tectonics say? (p. 202) Plate Tectonics is the theory that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move around on top of the asthenosphere. Study Guide - Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics What might be the cause of the movement of tectonic plates? (p. 204) This movement occurs because of changes in density within the asthenosphere. These density changes are caused by the outward flow of thermal energy from deep within the Earth. When rock is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and tends to rise to the surface of the Earth. As the rock gets near the surface, the rock cools, becomes more dense, and tends to sink. This is called convection. What do tectonic plates consist of? (p. 195) Tectonic plates consist of continental crust and oceanic crust. Describe the types of Boundaries that exist between plates, what causes the boundaries and what the results are: (p. 203) Boundary Formed by Plates doing what? Convergant Coming together What is the Result? Mountains, Subduction (when ocean crust goes under continental crust and is melted) Divergant Moving Apart Mid-Ocean Ridges – magma rises up through the cracks and forms new crust Transform Sliding Past Each Other Faults/Earthquakes Section 4: Deforming the Earth’s Crust What is stress? (p. 206) Stress is the amount of force per unit area on a given material. What causes rocks to deform? (p. 206) The shape of a rock changes because of stress. Stress is the amount of force per unit area on a given material. What are the two possible results of deformation? (p. 206) Bending When rocks are SQUEEZED or we call this Breaking Compression When rocks are –STRETCHED- we call this Tension (p. 206) (p. 206) Study Guide - Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics What is folding? (p. 207) The bending of rock layers because of stress in the Earth’s crust What is faulting? (p. 208) The breaking of rock layers because of stress in the Earth’s crust Know the different types of deformations, what the cause is and an example of this type of deformation: (p. 207-211): Type of Deformation (fault)- Normal Cause Tension that pulls rocks apart Example Fault-Block Mountains Tetons (fault)- Reverse Compression that pushes rocks together Folded Mountains (examples below) (fault)- Strike-Slip opposing forces cause rock to break and Faults - San Andreas Fault move horizontally Fold rock layers are squeezed together causing them to bend Folded Mountains – Appalachian, Alps, Ural, Himalayas