Download Chapter 9 - High Middle Ages - Goshen Central School District

Economic expansion and change
Agricultural revolution
Increase in food production leads to a population growth
A larger population needs more goods so trade increases
Leads to
Commercial Revolution
• More trade requires new ways of doing business.
• A middle class of merchants, traders and craftsmen grow.
• Centers of trade = TOWNS, get bigger
World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 9: The High Middle Ages
(1050–1450)
Section 1: Growth of Royal Power in
England and France
Section 2: The Holy Roman Empire
and the Church
Section 3: Europeans Look Outward
**The Crusades
Section 4: Learning, Literature, and the Arts
Section 5: A Time of Crisis
Growth of Royal Power in England and France
• During the Middle Ages, kings and
strong nobles battled with the Roman
Catholic Church for supreme
power. Beginning in England and
France, kings began to strengthen their
central power, and restrict the Church.
• The struggle grew especially fierce over
lay investiture, or the power to name
Bishops and other church officials
within the country. This fighting later
resulted in the foundation of nationstates, under many different political
systems.
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
During feudal times, monarchs in Europe stood at the head of
society but had limited power. Nobles and the Church had as
much—or more—power than the monarchs.
In order to expand their power, monarchs
•
set up royal courts
•
organized government bureaucracies
•
developed systems of taxation
•
built standing armies
•
strengthened ties with the middle class
In this way, little by little over many centuries, these
monarchs built the framework for modern-day nation states.
Growth of ROYAL Power
*identify important names, events/dates and actions
England
France
Evolution of English Government
1066
Norman Conquest = William of Normandy defeats Anglo-Saxons at
the Battle of Hastings. [VIDEO]
1086
Domesday Book = William I uses this survey as a basis for taxation.
1160s–1180s
Common Law = Henry II lays foundation for English legal system.
1215
Magna Carta = John signs this document limiting royal power and
extending rights to the people.
1295
Model Parliament = Edward I summons Parliament, which includes
representatives of common people.
Lost war – forced to give up
English-held lands in France
Battle over selecting Archbishop
Pope excommunicates John;
England becomes fief of papacy
Pope
Innocent III
King John
1205-1215
French
King
English
Nobles
Heavy taxes anger nobles;
Forces him to sign Magna Carta in 1215
The Magna Carta
(1215)
Contained two basic ideas that would shape
government traditions in England:
1. Nobles had certain RIGHTS, especially
LEGAL rights(over time, these rights
would be extended to all English citizens)
2. Made clear that the monarch must obey
the law.
Development of Parliament
(during the 1200’s)
• 1295 – Edward I summoned Parliament to approve
money for his wars in France. He had reps. of the
“common” people (2 knights from each county & towns
reps.) join the lords and clergy
• This became known as the Model Parliament. It set up
the framework of England’s legislature (House of
Lords = nobles & high clergy; House of Commons =
knights and middle-class citizens)
• The important “POWER OF THE PURSE” or right to
approve any new taxes was a powerful “check” or limit
to the power of the king.
Edward I and Parliament:
On both sides of him are his
vassals, the rulers of Scotland
and Wales. Clergy sit on the
left and lords sit on the right.
Royal Lands in France, 987-1328
Successful Monarchs in France
Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom.
However, under strong Capetian kings, such as Philip II
and Louis IX, they slowly increased royal power.
Philip II
Granted charters to new
towns
Introduced a standing
army
Filled government
positions with loyal
middle-class officials
Introduced new national
tax
Quadrupled land
holdings
Capetians
Louis IX
made the throne hereditary
added to their lands by
playing rival nobles
against each other
Checked up on local
officials
won the support of the
Church
Ended serfdom in his
lands
built an effective
bureaucracy
Left France an efficient,
centralized monarchy
Expanded royal courts
Outlawed private wars.
Homework – Global 9
1. Read Chapter 9 – Sections 1 & 2
2. Complete the WORKSHEETS for
each Section
3. BE PREPARED (answer
questions from me) TO BE THE
KING OF ENGLAND OR
FRANCE OR THE POPE!!!
Kings vs. the Church (Popes)
"What miserable drones
and traitors have I
nurtured and promoted
in my household who let
their lord be treated with
such shameful contempt
by a low-born cleric!"
- Henry II to his knights
and barons in 1170
 Darkness had just fallen when four
armed knights burst into Canterbury
Cathedral in southern England.
 “Where is Thomas Becket, traitor to
the king and the realm?” they shouted
 Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury,
stepped forward. “I am here, no traitor,
but a priest. Why do you seek me?”
 The knights served King Henry II.
They came to make Becket lift the
excommunication of several of
Henry’s supporters.
 When the archbishop refused their
demand, the knights struck him.
 An eyewitness reported the bloody scene
that unfolded:
“At the third blow, [Thomas] fell on his
knees and elbows, offering himself a
living victim, and saying in a low voice,
‘For the name of Jesus, I am ready to
embrace death.”
 News of the murder quickly reached the
king. Henry was appalled. He realized
that his own words had doomed the man
who had once been among his closest
friends.
 Eight years earlier in 1162, Henry had
appointed Becket as archbishop. Once in
office, Becket surprised Henry by
resisting his attempts to extend royal
power over the clergy. A bitter quarrel
flared between the two men. Each man
used his power to block the other.
 Henry, forced to live with his careless
words, had to abandon his efforts to
extend royal power at the expense of the
church.
The Holy Roman Empire
With secular and religious rulers advancing rival claims to power,
explosive conflicts erupted between monarchs and the Church.
• After the death of Charlemagne in 814 A.D., the
Holy Roman Empire dissolved into a number of
separate states.
• German emperors (monarchs) claimed authority
over much of central and eastern Europe and parts
of France and Italy.
• The hundreds of nobles and Church officials,
who were the emperor’s vassals, held the real
power.
The Struggle Over Investiture
The Holy Roman emperors and other monarchs often
appointed the Church officials within their realm.
This practice was known as lay investiture.
Popes, such as Gregory VII, tried to end lay (non-church)
investiture, which they saw as outside interference from
secular rulers.
The struggle over investiture dragged on for
almost 50 years.
Finally, in 1122, both sides accepted a treaty known as the Concordat
of Worms. It stated that only the Church could appoint bishops, but
that the emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs (land
grants).
German Emperors in Italy –
challenging the Pope on his “turf”
During the 1100s and 1200s, ambitious German emperors
struggled with powerful popes as the emperors tried to
gain control of Italy.
**While the emperors were involved in Italy, German nobles grew
more independent. As a result, Germany did not achieve unity for
another 600 years (Global 10).
In Italy, the popes asked the French to help them overthrow
the German emperors. Power struggles in Italy and Sicily
led to 200 years of chaos in that region.
The Height of Church Power
“The
pope stands between God and
man, lower than God, but higher
than men, who judges all and is
judged by no one.” — Pope Innocent III
• Pope Innocent III claimed supremacy over all other rulers.
He used the tools of excommunication and interdiction to
punish monarchs who challenged his power.
• After Innocent’s death, popes continued to press their
claims for supremacy. However, English and French
monarchies were becoming stronger.
•The papacy (Pope) soon entered a period of decline.
The World in 1050 A.D…
**As Western Europe was just emerging from a period of isolation,
(The DARK AGES) civilizations were thriving elsewhere.
ISLAMIC EMPIRE
INDIA
CHINA
Islamic civilization
spread from Spain to
India.
Islamic traders went as
far as West Africa.
Cities thrived, despite
political division.
Culture flourished
under Tang and Song
dynasties.
Hinduism and
Buddhism flourished.
Chinese made advances
in technology.
WEST AFRICA
AMERICAS
The Sonike people
built the great trading
empire of Ghana.
Merchants traded gold
all over the world.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Mayas cleared rain
forests to build cities.
Scholars studied Greek
and Roman writings.
Native Americans in
Peru built empires.
Merchants mingled with
traders from the Italian
states.
Europeans look outward
During the Middle Ages, most people in Western Europe
were unaware of advanced civilizations in Asia, Africa
and the Americas.
The CRUSADES (1095-1291)introduced Europeans to a
wider world of goods and knowledge. They led to
increased trade and more powerful monarchs.
About Pilgrimage
• A pilgrimage was the travelling to a sacred place for the purpose
of penance.
• Pilgrimage has a long tradition in the Catholic Church (and in other
churches and in other faiths), dating all the way back to the Roman
Empire. We have pilgrim accounts dating back to the 300s and we
have at least a mention of pilgrims dating to a century before that. By
the Middle Ages, pilgrimage was an important part of Western
culture. The sacred character of the place itself was the chief factor in
its importance--the more sacred the place, the more effective the
penance. Distance also figured in, because the danger of the travel and
the hardships endured en route were part and parcel of the penance.
• It is therefore no surprise that a pilgrimage to Jerusalem was the
greatest of all pilgrimages for western Christians. The Crusades
did not enhance the prestige of the Jerusalem journey, but having the
city in Christian hands did facilitate travel. Even after the city was
re-captured by the Muslims, the western powers were able to
negotiate special arrangements for Christian pilgrims.
About Pilgrimage
• Because a pilgrimage was a penance, a person could not just set out
on his or her own. The pilgrim needed to go through the necessary
acts of confession and his pilgrimage had to be recognized and
approved by a priest. Only then would the pilgrim gain the benefits of
the act.
• The pilgrimage to Jerusalem was not just to the city in general but
was specifically and especially to visit the Holy Sepulchre (the
purported site of the death and resurrection of Jesus) It was
praying there that actually completed the pilgrimage. Once there, of
course, the pilgrim usually visited other sites as well. And if possible,
tried to take in other pilgrimage shrines en route to the Holy Land.
• By the later Middle Ages, this had become so formalized that
something like tour companies and a tour route had developed.
Going to the Holy Land involved a relatively set itinerary,
carefully controlled by Muslim officials. For the wealthy, at least,
a pilgrimage could look very much like a pleasure trip. But for
most, the hardships were quite real.
1095 A.D. - Pope Urban II
Launches the First Crusade
 At the Battle of Manzikert (located in Turkey), in 1071, the
Seljuk Turks (Muslims) massacred the Byzantine Empire’s
armies. The feared Turks overran Asia Minor and began to
threaten even the capital of Constantinople.
 Meanwhile, they had also conquered Jerusalem,
preventing Christian pilgrimages to the holy sites.
 In 1074, Pope Gregory VII proposed leading fifty thousand
volunteers to help the Christians in the East and possibly
liberate the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
 Finally, in 1095, in response to desperate appeals from
Eastern Emperor Alexius Comnenus, the new pope,
Urban II, preached a stirring sermon at Clermont:
The site is venerated as Golgotha (the Hill of Calvary), where Jesus was
crucified, and is said also to contain the place where Jesus was buried (the
Sepulchre).
The church has been a paramount (more important than anything else) –
and for many Christians the most important – pilgrimage destination since
at least the 4th century, as the purported site of the resurrection of Jesus.
1095 A.D. - Pope Urban II
Launches the First Crusade
“A horrible tale has gone forth,” he said. “An accursed race utterly
alienated from God … has invaded the lands of the Christians and
depopulated them by the sword, plundering, and fire.”
…When they wish to torture anyone by a base death, they perforate his
navel and dragging forth the extremity of the intestines, bind it to a
stake; then by blows they compel the victim to run around the stake,
until the viscera gush forth and the victim falls prostrate on the
ground. Others they bind to a post and pierce with arrows. Others
they compel to extend their necks and then, attacking them with naked
swords, attempt to cut through the neck with a single blow. What
shall I say of the abominable rape of the women? To speak of it is
worse than to be silent
On whom therefore is the labor of avenging these
wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent
if not upon you?
1095 A.D. - Pope Urban II
Launches the First Crusade
Toward the end, he made his appeal:
“Tear that land from the wicked race
and subject it to yourselves.”
The people were riled (angry or fired up).
They began shouting, “Deus vult! Deus
vult!” (“God wills it!”)
Urban II made “Deus vult” the battle cry
of the Crusades.
The Crusades (1095-1291) brought changes, and
caused Europeans to learn more about the Middle
East and Asia = TURNING POINT
CAUSES
• Desire to free Holy Land
from Seljuk Turks
(Muslims) = GOD
• Desire to get rich and
gain new lands = GOLD
• Desire to see new places
or escape troubles of
home = GLORY
1099- After a long bloody
fight, Christian knights
captured Jerusalem. They
capped off their victory
with a massacre of the
Muslim & Jewish residents
of the city.
1204-During the Fourth Crusade, after
helping Venetian merchants defeat their
Byzantine trade rivals, crusaders captured
and looted Constantinople, the capital of
the Byzantine Empire…That’s not right?
1291
1095
Revered as a hero of Islam, Saladin
united Arab forces and recaptured the
holy city of Jerusalem from Christian
Crusaders in the 12th century A.D.
Surrender of Jerusalem
The Third Crusade, waged from 1189 - 1192, followed
on the capture in 1187 of Jerusalem by Saladin. After
negotiations, Saladin re-opens the holy city to Christian
pilgrims…What are they fighting for ?
Map of the Crusades
The Crusades (1095-1291) brought changes, and
caused Europeans to learn more about the Middle East
and Asia.
EFFECTS
• Increased trade (with East)
• Religious hatred between Christians, Muslims AND
Jews
• Pope becomes more powerful in the short term
• Feudal kings become more powerful in the LONG
term
• Serfs gain freedom as feudalism is in decline
• Europeans become interested in travel (leads to Age of
Discovery
• People learn more about other cultures (Marco Polo)
“History’s Most Successful Failure”
• Christians ultimately did not regain control of the Holy
Lands in Jerusalem…
BUT…
• European economy expanded due to increased trade
with the Middle East
• Helped to decrease serfdom
– Allowed to pay rents in money instead of labor
• Increased power of Roman Catholic Church for a brief
period
• Eventually led to exploration & globalization due
to the desire for goods brought to Europe during & after the
crusades
The Crusading Spirit & The Reconquista
• Muslims conquered most
of Spain in the 700s
• Spanish Muslims are called
Moors
• Christian kingdoms did
survive in the north of
Spain
• By 1300, Christians
controlled majority of
Iberian Peninsula except
Granada
• 1469: Isabella of Castile
married Ferdinand of Aragon
• With their combined
forces…they took Granada ( a
great Muslim city)
• In 1492…Granada fell to
the Spanish (What else
happened that year?
Hmmm)
• Isabella & Ferdinand started
the Spanish Inquisition
– a court trying heretics
Learning, Literature and the Arts - Improved conditions in
the 1100’s in Europe led to a revival of learning during the
High Middle Ages
Sparked by improving economic
and political conditions, a
REVIVAL of learning took
place in the 1100’s. Writers
across Western Europe began
publishing in the vernacular
(everyday language of
ordinary people).
(Romanesque and Gothic
cathedrals served as symbols of
religious devotion)
Medieval Universities
As economic and political conditions improved, the need
for education expanded.
• By the 1100s, schools to train the clergy had sprung up
around the great cathedrals. Some of these cathedral
schools evolved into the first universities.
• The first universities were in Salerno and Bologna in
Italy, and then in Oxford and Paris.
• The curriculum covered the seven liberal arts:
arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar,
rhetoric, and logic.
• Women were not allowed to attend the universities.
“New Learning” and Medieval Thought
An explosion of knowledge reached Europe in the High Middle
Ages. Many of the new ideas were based on logic and reason
(*Consider – “Been there, done that”?), and posed a challenge to
Christian thought, which was based on faith.
Christian scholars, known as scholastics, tried to resolve the conflict
between faith and reason. Scholasticism used logic to support
Christian beliefs. (Today? Intelligent Design theory?)
The scholastic Thomas Aquinas concluded that faith and reason
existed in harmony. Both led to the same truth, that God ruled over
an orderly universe.
Science made little progress in the Middle Ages because most
scholars still believed that all true knowledge must fit with Church
teachings. That will change…WHY?
Literature, Architecture, and Art
As economic and political conditions improved, Europeans
made notable achievements in literature and the arts.
LITERATURE
New writings in the
vernacular, or language of
everyday people, captured
the spirit of the times.
The epic Song of Roland
(France)
Dante’s Divine Comedy
(Italy)
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
(England)
ARCHITECTURE
Towering stone cathedrals
symbolized wealth and
religious devotion.
ART
Sculptors portrayed
religious themes.
The Romanesque style
reflected Roman influences.
Stained-glass windows
added to the splendor of
Gothic churches.
The Gothic Style was
characterized by flying
buttresses, or stone supports
that stood outside the church.
The Gothic style was
applied to painting and
illumination, the artistic
decoration of books.
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is
supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials,
borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. Manuscripts are
among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages. The
majority of these manuscripts are of a religious nature. However,
especially from the 13th century onward, an increasing number of
secular texts were illuminated.
Chartres Cathedral is
considered one of the finest
examples in all France of the
Gothic style of architecture
cruciform
According to legend, since 876 the cathedral's site has housed a tunic that was said to have
belonged to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Sancta Camisa. The relic had supposedly been
given to the cathedral by Charlemagne who received it as a gift during a crusade in
Jerusalem. In fact, the relic was a gift from Charles the Bald and it has been asserted that the
fabric came from Syria and that it had been woven during the first century AD
The kings of France were once
crowned in Reims Cathedral.
Along with the cathedrals of
Chartres and Amiens, Reims is
a member of the illustrious triad
of "High Gothic" or "Classical"
French cathedrals built in the
13th century.
The interior of the
cathedral is 455 ft.
long, 98 ft. wide in
the nave, and 125 ft.
high in the centre
The Black Plague
•
•
•
•
•
1300s
Started in Central Asia
Growth of Mongol Empire was contributing factor
Spread by fleas on black rats
Killed 35 million people in China
By 1347, the
bubonic plague
had spread to
Europe. Before
it had finished
taking its toll,
one in three
Europeans had
died.
• The Bubonic Plague
– Symptoms
• Fever
• Headaches
• Chills
• Weakness
• Boils
(buboes)
The Black Death Caused
Social and Economic Decline.
Social Effects
•Some people turned to magic
and witchcraft for cures.
•Others believed they were
being punished by God.
•Some people turned to wild
pleasure, believing the end was
inevitable.
•Normal life broke down.
•Individuals turned away from
neighbors and relatives to avoid
contagion.
•Christians blamed and
persecuted Jews.
Economic Effects
•As workers died, production
declined.
•Surviving workers demanded
higher wages. As the cost of
labor soared, inflation, or
rising prices, broke out.
•Landowners abandoned
farming, forcing villagers to
look for work in the towns.
•Unable to find work, peasants
revolted.
The
Hundred
Years’ War
1337 - 1453
The Hundred Years’ War
Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought a
series of conflicts, known as the Hundred Years’ War.
CAUSES
EFFECTS
•English rulers wanted to keep the
French lands of their Norman
ancestors.
•French kings wanted to extend
their own power in France.
•In 1337, Edward III claimed the
French crown.
•Once fighting started, economic
rivalry and a growing sense of
national pride made it difficult for
either side to give up.
•In France, national feeling grew and
kings expanded their power.
•In England, Parliament gained the
“power of the purse,” and kings began
looking at trading ventures overseas.
•The longbow and cannon made soldiers
more important and knights less
valuable.
•Castles and knights became obsolete.
•Monarchs came to need large armies
instead of feudal vassals.
Turning Points of the Hundred Years’ War
Longbow
Joan of Arc
Cannon
During the early years
of the war, English
armies equipped with
the longbow
overpowered their
French counterparts
equipped with the
crossbow. An English
archer could shoot
three arrows in the
time it took a French
archer to shoot one.
From 1429 to 1431,
Joan’s successes in
battle rallied the
French forces to
victory. French
armies continued to
win even after she
was executed by the
English.
The cannon helped
the French to capture
English-held castles
and defeat England’s
armies. French
cannons were
instrumental in
defeating English
forces in Normandy.
•
•
•
•
Actually 116 years … not constant fighting
The Plague was during the same period
Between England & France
England wanted to hold onto lands from their
French ancestors (William the Conqueror)
• neither side wanted to give in
• England was winning in the beginning…due to
new technologies such as the…
New Military Technologies
Longbow:
– Can fire 3 arrows at a
time
– Could pierce through
armor from about a
football field away
– Hence…armor
was no longer
effective
The French then started to use a new invention of
their own: The Cannon
– Allowed the French to take English held castles
– Castles then became obsolete (unnecessary)
Joan of Arc
• The English were beating the
French
• Luckily…a miracle of sorts
happened
• A 17 year old peasant girl
started having visions from
God
• The real miracle is that Joan
got control over part of the
French military
• She gets captured by the
English
– Told to recant or she’ll be
burned
– She recanted
– She then recanted her recant
– Tried as a witch
– Burned at the stake
Results of Hundred Years’ War
• France wins and the Kings of France grow stronger
and stronger
• The English, defeated, will turn their attention to
trading ventures overseas (trade companies)
• Age of Feudalism & Chivalry is officially over
• No need for armor … longbow pierces it
• No need for castles … cannons blow through them
• After the bubonic plague “dies down”,
WESTERN Europe recovers and is ready for
REBIRTH (Renaissance)
1300’s (Late Middle Ages) – “The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”
were widely portrayed on the walls of churches. Their appearance signaled the
end of the world
FAMINE
Widespread crop failures
leads to massive starvation
and malnutrition
WAR (Hundred Years War)
• English King wants to be king of
France
• French Kings want to expand
their own landholdings
• Joan of Arc helps France
ultimately win
DISEASE (Pestilence)
The Black Death = the Bubonic Plague
One in three Europeans die
Society and economy fall apart
DEATH
"The evil men came together without leaders
armed with pikes and knives. They violated
and killed all the ladies and girls without
mercy, like mad dogs.”
“The mortality in Sienna ...began in May. The
people swelled beneath the armpits and in their
groins and fell over while talking. And so they
died. Great pits were dug. I, Anyulah, Vitolla
buried my five children with my own hands. So
many died that all believed it was the end of the
world.”
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are described in the last book of the New Testament of the
Bible, called the Book of Revelation of Saint John the Evangelist. The chapter tells of a scroll in God's
right hand that is sealed with seven seals. Jesus Christ opens the first four of the seven seals, which
summons forth the four beasts that ride on white, red, black, and pale-green horses symbolizing
conquest, war, famine, and death, respectively. The Christian apocalyptic vision is that the four
horsemen are to set a divine day of reckoning upon the world as harbingers of the Last Judgment.
Horse
Horse
Represents
Rider
Power
Rider
Represents
White
False
innocence
peace
Carries
Conquers
bow; wears
crown
Antichrist,
The False
Christ, False
Religion
Red
Blood spilled
on the
battlefield
Carries
sword
Brings
war
War,
Destruction
Black
Black barren
fields
Carries
scales
Scarcity
of food
Pale
Paleness of
skin in death,
decay
Death
Kills by
war, hunger,
etc
Famine,
Unfair
Trade
Death
Crusades as a “successful failure”
Top Bun = Introduction – “Hook me” or start with a
general statement about history and events
Top layer = Task #1 – DISCUSS 3 motives or REASONS why
people became Crusaders or went to fight in the Crusades
Middle Layer = Task #2 – EXPLAIN why the Crusades failed in
their ORIGINAL (stated) purpose.
Bottom Layer = Task #3 – Show (illustrate) 3 different ways that
life changed in Western Europe as a RESULT of the Crusades
Bottom Bun = Conclusion – Show me that you learned something
OR connect the theme to something else in history