Download Biology 416K Summer 2002

Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________

Endocrinology (Ch.7)
 Define hormone, target cell, ligand, receptor, endocrine, paracrine and autocrine.
 State the basic characteristics of hormones.
 For each hormone in Figs 7-2 and 7-13, state the following:
- full name (spelling counts)
- name and location of secreting organ
- chemical class and basic chemical structure
- receptor type and mechanism of action
- target(s) and main effect on target(s)
- primary function(s) in the body
- control pathway
- predicted consequences of a change in any part of the control pathway.
 Compare and contrast hormone actions that are exerted through changes in gene expression with
those exerted through changes in protein phosphorylation.
 Compare and contrast peptide, steroid and amine hormones in their synthesis, storage, transport,
receptor type, and signaling pathway (effector mechanism of response).
 State the effect of plasma hormone binding proteins on access of hormones to their sites of action
and their degradation.
 Contrast the anterior and posterior pituitaries in hormones and mechanisms of release (innervation
and vascular supply).
 Diagram the negative or positive feedback control loops of anterior pituitary hormones.
 Describe types of interactions between hormones acting on the same target cell, including
additive, synergistic, and permissive interactions. (Relate to agonists, antagonists).
 Explain the points in a hormone control pathway where changes would lead to disease.
 Predict changes in secretory rates of hypothalamic, pituitary and primary gland hormones caused
by over- or under-secretion of any hormone in a control pathway.
1.
Define hormone, target cell, ligand, receptor, endocrine, paracrine and autocrine.
2.
State for OT, GnRH, LH, FSH, estrogen, testosterone, CRH, ACTH, cortisol, insulin, glucagons, PTH, T3 and T4
- full name
- name and location of secreting organ
- chemical class and basic chemical structure
- receptor type and mechanism of action
- target(s) and main effect on target(s)
- primary function(s) in the body
- control pathway
3.
The pituitary does not exert regulation over the secretion of …
a. growth hormone
b. epinephrine
c. thyroxine
d. estrogen
e. cortisol
4.
An injection of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antagonists would cause…
a. TSH release to decrease
b. TRH release to decrease
c. cellular metabolic rate to increase
d. glucose to diffuse into the liver faster
e. T3 and T4 hormone release to decrease
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Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________
5.
Which of the following is a characteristic of steroid hormones?
a. Is a chain of amino acids.
b. Made under the control of enzymes that convert cholesterol-based molecules.
c. Stored in vesicles in the cytoplasm.
d. Secreted by an active transport mechanism requiring ATP.
e. Short-half life after secretion.
6.
Which of the following hormones acts primarily through membrane-bound receptors on its target
cells?
a. estrogen
b. androgen (testosterone)
c. thyroxine
d. epinephrine
e. cortisol
7.
In a test of hormone therapy, a single large injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone was given
to each of ten adult females seeking fertility assistance. Which of the following hormones is
expected to be elevated in these females as a result?
a. cortisol
b. oxytocin
c. prolactin
d. triiodothyronine
e. luteinizing hormone
8.
What would the body's response be to an injection of an insulin hormone receptor antagonist?
9.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone uses a cAMP second messenger system for transduction of its signal. Describe
the steps in the signal transduction pathway from CRH binding to its anterior pituitary cell receptor to the
response of the signaled cell to CRH. Be specific about the intracellular events and what the final result of CRH
stimulation is.
10. Aldosterone can diffuse into a cell.
a. What class of hormone is aldosterone?
b.
What organ secretes aldosterone?
c.
What effect does aldosterone have in the kidney?
11. Hormones are chemicals that…
a. act only on endocrine tissues.
b. have a similar basic molecular structure.
c. act only on cells that have receptors for them.
d. are produced from glucose or other monosaccharides.
e. are produced in large amounts to be available to all body cells.
12. The adrenal gland secretes each of the following hormones except…
a. epinephrine
b. aldosterone
c. cortisol
d. testosterone (an androgen)
e. estrogen
13. Peptide hormones
a. have shorter times in circulation than steroid hormones
b. are made by enzymes that convert cholesterol derivatives
c. are usually made by the combination of two shorter peptides into a dimer structure
d. are sometimes also tropic hormones
e. have intracellular receptors
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Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________
14. Identify the hormone incorrectly paired with the organ that secretes it.
a. thyroxine : thyroid gland
b. atrial natriuretic peptide :heart
c. cortisol :adrenal gland
d. estrogen : ovary
e. insulin :stomach
15. Each of the following hormones is a steroid hormone except one. Identify the exception.
a. calciferol
b. aldosterone
c. epinephrine
d. estrogen
e. cortisol
16. Which of the following statements about peptide hormones is false?
a. Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids.
b. Peptide hormones diffuse out of cells into the blood.
c. Peptide hormones are stored in intracellular vesicles.
d. Peptide hormones are first synthesized as as a longer peptide.
e. Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the membrane of their target cell.
17. In a test of hormone therapy, a single large injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone was given
to each of ten adult females seeking fertility assistance. Which of the following hormones is
expected to be elevated in these females as a result?
18. cortisol
19. oxytocin
20. prolactin
21. triiodothyronine
22. luteinizing hormone
23. A patient who is excessively thirsty, has excessive urine volume production and low blood pressure
(from low blood volume), but normal diet and normal appetite is likely suffering from:
a. hyperkalemia
b. hyposecretion of vasopressin
c. hypersecretion of vasopressin
d. a primary thyroid pathology
e. high plasma parathyroid hormone levels
24. Draw a simple graph below to show how increasing levels of aldosterone will effect body fluid
osmolarity.
25. Name two hormones that are important for maintaining osmolarity homeostasis and, for each,
indicate how rising levels of the hormone will affect body osmolarity by circling increase or decrease.
hormone ____________________ causes osmolarity to increase or decrease
hormone ____________________ causes osmolarity to increase or decrease
26. If plasma parathyroid hormone levels decrease, which of the following will result:
a. plasma sodium levels will decrease
b. plasma calcium levels will decrease
c. plasma sodium levels will increase
d. plasma calcium levels will increase
e. plasma osmolarity will increase
27. An injection of thyroxine (T4) in a human or a rat will cause …
a. the thyroid glands to swell
b. cellular metabolic rate to increase
c. glucose to diffuse into the liver faster
d. protein breakdown in large muscles
e. blood vessel dilation
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Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________
28. Peptide hormones have each of the following characteristics except…
a. made under the control of enzymes that convert cholesterol
b. stored in vesicles in the cytoplasm
c. secreted by an active transport mechanism requiring ATP
d. short-half life after secretion
e. composed of a chain of amino acids
29. This hormone is not made in the anterior pituitary:
a. FSH
b. ADH
c. LH
d. TSH
e. prolactin
30. An increase in epinephrine secretion will cause…
a. conversion in target tissues to norepinephrine
b. atrophy of adrenal glands
c. reduced plasma iodine
d. vasodilation of blood vessels with  epinephrine receptors
e. vasodilation of blood vessels with 2 epinephrine receptors
31. The liver is a target tissue for both of the pancreas peptide hormones, insulin and glucagon. The response of
the liver cells to each of these two hormones is opposite. This information implies that _____.
a. the pancreas has receptors for insulin and for glucagon
b. the two hormones are agonists for the same receptors
c. each hormone activates a different liver cell membrane receptor
d. one hormone has negative feedback control over the other hormone
e. the two hormones use the same second messenger signalling pathway
32. The posterior pituitary secretes:
a. CRH
b. ADH
c. TSH
d. FSH
e. ACTH
33. The primary hormone that increases as part of your response to stress is _________.
a. luteinizing hormone
b. prolactin
c. cortisol
d. growth hormone
e. thyroid hormone
34. Each of the following hormones is a single amino acid derivative except one. Identify the exception.
a. thyroxine
b. epinephrine
c. norepinephrine
d. thyroid hormone
e. thyroid-stimulating hormone
35. Infusion of a 15% glucose intravenous (IV) fluid will induce a rise in what hormone?
a. insulin
b. cortisol
c. insulin-releasing hormone
d. corticotropin-releasing hormone
e. glucagon
36. Name two hormones that are important for maintaining osmolarity homeostasis.
37. Name two hormones released by the ovaries.
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Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________
38. In a few sentences, describe specifically how the body would be effected by injections of an antagonist
to GnRH receptors. (Include the mechanism of action.)
39. Draw a simple graph below to show how increasing levels of insulin will change plasma glucose levels.
40. Draw a simple graph below to show how increasing levels of glucose will change plasma insulin levels.
41. Testosterone can diffuse into a cell.
a. What class of hormone is testosterone?
b.
What kind of receptor does testosterone activate?
c.
State four physical properties that can affect the rate of testosterone diffusion into a cell.
42. A person with evidence of significant loss of bone mass might be:
a. found to have hypercalcemia (high plasma Ca2+)
b. have a hypothalamus tumor that is hypersecreting TRH
c. found to have decreased circulating levels of cholesterol
d. a person with decreased numbers of parathyroid hormone receptors
e. a post-operative thyroidectomy patient whose parathyroids were not saved
43. A female is diagnosed as having an elevated plasma level of LH due to a uterine tumor that is secreting LH.
Which of the following test results would support this diagnosis?
a. low blood concentration of estrogen
b. low blood concentration of progesterone
c. low blood concentration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
d. decreased size of both ovaries viewed by sonogram
e. enlarged size of the pituitary gland viewed by an MRI or CT scan
44. Blood analyses of a female hypothyroid patient reveals that she has elevated TSH levels. What is the
most likely cause of her hypothyroidism?
a. a primary pathology of the ovaries
b. a primary pathology of the pituitary
c. a secondary pathology of the hypothalamus
d. a primary pathology of the thyroid gland
e. a secondary pathology of the pituitary
45. Vials X and Y are known to contain either a solution of hormone or a saline placebo. Five days after
injection, rats treated with X have a greater thyroid iodide uptake and greater basal metabolic
rate(BMR) than rats treated with Y. It is likely that
a. Y contains thyroxine (T4)
b. X contains thyroxine
c. Y contains thyrotropin (TSH)
d. X contains thyrotropin
e. X contains calcitonin
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Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________
46. Vials X and Y are known to contain either a solution of hormone or a saline placebo. Ten days after
injection, intact male rats treated with X have larger prostate glands, seminal vesicles and body weight
than either male rats treated with Y or castrate males treated with X. It is likely that _____.
a. X contains thyroxine (T4)
b. X contains GHRH
c. X contains LH
d. X contains GnRH
e. X contains testosterone
47. Vials X and Y are known to contain either a solution of hormone or a saline placebo. After ten days of
daily injections, intact male rats treated with X have larger prostate glands, seminal vesicles and body
weight than either male rats treated with Y or castrate males treated with X. It is likely that _____.
a. X contains testosterone
b. X contains thyroxine
c. X contains LH
d. X contains GHRH
e. Y contains GnRH
48. Each of the following measured values is an abnormal measurement from a body fluid. Fill in the table to
indicate whether the value is high or low (circle answer) and state a hormone and the hormone abnormal level
that could cause the initial measured value.
Measurement of:
value
value:
high or low?
hormone
hormone:
high or low?
plasma [Na+]
0.2 mol/L
high
or
low
high
or
low
plasma [glucose]
400 mg/dl
high
or
low
high
or
low
plasma [Ca++]
10 mEq/L
high
or
low
high
or
low
intracellular OsM
240 mOsM
high
or
low
high
or
low
49. In the table below, complete the following three tasks:
a. Write in the abbreviation or name for the hormone missing in each column.
b. Add an arrow beside each hormone, including the one you added, to indicate how it is
changed from normal in each case.
c. Circle primary or secondary in the last row to indicate the type of pathology.
Hypocortisolism due to
pituitary damage after a car
accident
CRH
Hypothyroidism due to iodine
deficiency
TRH
Premature puberty in a male
due to hypothalamic tumor
GnRH
TSH
cortisol
primary / secondary
(androgen) testosterone
primary/secondary
primary/secondary
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Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________
50. List the components common to any control pathway and then describe or name those components in
the control of glucagon release.
51. Hormones secreted from the thyroid glands maintain homeostasis of metabolic rate under normal conditions.
Hypersecretion from the thyroid glands leads to an increased basal metabolic rate. Hyposecretion leads to a
decreased basal metabolic rate. Answer the following questions related to the thyroid glands:
a. What major organ system are the thyroid glands a part of? ____________________
b.
Name the two hormones released from the thyroid glands.
c.
Using anatomical terminology, describe where the thyroid glands are located in the body.
d.
How would basal metabolic rate be affected by injection of a thyroid hormone receptor antagonist?
(explain briefly)
e.
On the diagram below, write out the names of hormones (f and g) and organs (d and e) involved in
thyroid hormone regulation. (The thyroid glands and hormones are already included.) In addition,
indicate what the level of each hormone is in a patient with iodine deficiency (as compared to
normal) by circling  for increased, N/C for 'no change' or  for decreased.
d.______________
f. ______________
f. level:
 N/C
g. level:
 N/C

e.________________

g. _____________
thyroid glands
TH levels:


N/C
(thyroid hormones)
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Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________
52. The adrenal glands are considered the glands that maintain homeostasis under conditions of both acute (short
term) and chronic (longer term) stress. Answer the following questions related to the adrenal glands:
a. What major organ system are the adrenal glands a part of? ____________________
b.
Name a hormone released from the adrenal medulla under conditions of acute stress.
c.
Using anatomical terms, describe where the adrenal glands are located in the body.
d.
Addison's disease is an autoimmune disease of the adrenal gland marked by destruction of adrenal
cortex cells and subsequent cortisol hyposecretion. On the diagram below, write out the hormone
names (f and g) and their sources of secretion (d and e) for cortisol regulation. (The adrenal cortex
and cortisol are already included.) In addition, indicate what the level of each hormone is in a
patient with Addison's disease (as compared to normal) by circling  for increased, N/C for 'no
change' or  for decreased.
d.______________
f. ______________
f. level:
 N/C

g. level:
 N/C



e.________________
g. _____________
adrenal cortex
cortisol level:
N/C
cortisol
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Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________
53. Fill in arrows in the following table indicating whether the hormones and target effects are increased,
decreased or not changed under each condition.
Thyroidectomy
Hypophysectomy with injection of
a TRH receptor agonist
Addison's disease due to
autoimmune destruction (death)
of adrenal cortex cells
CRH
TRH
TRH
TSH
TSH
ACTH
T3,T4
T3, T4
cortisol
basal metabolic rate
basal metabolic rate
cortisol-stimulated liver
gluconeogenesis
54. Fill in arrows in the following table indicating whether the hormones are increased, decreased or not changed
under each condition.
Graves'disease due to
Addison's disease due to
Cushing's disease autoproduction of a TSH agonist
autoimmune destruction (death)
hypersecretion from adrenal
from a non-pituitary gland
of adrenal cortex cells
cortex cells
TRH
CRH
CRH
TSH
ACTH
ACTH
TH
cortisol
cortisol
55. The adrenal glands produce all of the following except:
a. cortisol
b. aldosterone
c. androgen
d. epinephrine
e. estrogen
56. The posterior pituitary hormone that acts on the kidneys to conserve water is_______.
a. FSH
b. TSH
c. ACTH
d. ADH
e. CRH
57. Which of the following hormones will decrease if plasma estrogen is increased?
a. androgen
b. cortisol
c. progesterone
d. gonadotropin-releasing hormone
e. corticotropin-releasing hormone
58. Each of the following hormones is a derivative of tyrosine except one. Identify the exception.
a. thyroxine
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Endocrinology Qs
Name____________________
b. epinephrine
c. thyroid hormone
d. triiodothyronine
e. thyroid-stimulating hormone
59. Which of the following statements about peptide hormones is not true?
a. Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids.
b. Peptide hormones are synthesized in a prohormone form.
c. Prohormones are proteins stored in intracellular vesicles.
d. Peptide hormones are typically bound to carrier proteins in the blood.
e. Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the membrane of their target cell.
60. In a test of hormone therapy, a single large injection of growth hormone-releasing hormone was given
to each of ten 5-year-olds who were in the lowest 1% in height for their age group. Which of the
following is expected to be elevated in these children as a result?
a. gonadotropin
b. estrogen
c. cortisol
d. liver IGF's
e. triiodothyronine
61. Fill in arrows in the following table indicating whether the hormones are increased, decreased or not
changed under each condition. In addition, circle whether this is a primary, secondary or no
pathology.
Pituitary tumor hypersecretion
Addison's disease due to
Long term increased stress
autoimmune destruction (death)
caused by fear of being laid-off
of adrenal cortex cells
from a computer job.
TRH
CRH
CRH
TSH
ACTH
ACTH
TH (T3, T4)
cortisol
cortisol
primary, secondary, none
primary, secondary, none
primary, secondary, none
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