Download Chapter 7_01042016

Chapter 7. Atomic Structure and Periodicity
第七章 原子結構與週期性
Learning Material for
Technical English
科技英文導讀教材
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
English
中文翻譯
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Electromagnetic radiation
wave
Wavelength
Frequency
Speed
電磁輻射
波
波長
頻率
速度
Electromagnetic 電磁的
1.詞性: 形容詞 (adj.)
2.唸唸看: Elec-tro-mag-ne-tic
(請讀出聲音)
3.相關
Electromagnetic wave 電磁波
Electromagnetic radiation 電磁輻射
Frequency 頻率
1.詞性: 名詞 (n.)
2.唸唸看: Fre-quen-cy
3.相關
(請讀出聲音)
speed
frequency 
wavelength
波速
頻率 
波長
English
中文翻譯
• Visible light
• Ultra-violet
• Infrared
• 可見光
• 紫外光
• 紅外線
Ultra-violet 紫外線
1.詞性: 名詞 (adj.)
2.唸唸看: Ul-tra-vio-let
(請讀出聲音)
Infrared 紅外線
1.詞性: 名詞 (adj.)
2.唸唸看: In-fra-red
(請讀出聲音)
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.2 Nature of Matter
English
中文翻譯
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Quanta
Photon
Plank’s constant
Photoelectric effect
Dual nature of light
量子
光子
蒲朗克常數
光電效應
光的雙重性
Photoelectric Effect 光電效應
Dual Nature of Light 光的雙重性
Wave
Particle
• Energy can be gained or lost only in whole number
multiples of h (Plank’s constant).
• Energy is quantized. Electromagnetic radiation is a
stream of “particles” called photons.
• Dual nature of light:
Electromagnetic radiation (and all matter)
exhibits wave properties and particulate
properties.
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
English
中文翻譯
• Spectrum
• Line Spectrum
• Hydrogen emission
spectrum
• refraction
• 光譜
• 線光譜
• 氫放射光譜
• 折射
Spectrum 光譜
1.詞性: 名詞 (n.)
2.唸唸看: Spec-trum
(請讀出聲音)
3.相關
Spectra 光譜的複數型態
Spectroscopy 光譜學
• Only certain energies are allowed for the
electron in the hydrogen atom.
• Energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom is
quantized.
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.4 The Bohr Model
English
中文翻譯
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Energy level
Ground state
Excited state
Electronic transition
能階
基態
激發態
電子躍遷
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
English
中文翻譯
• Heisenberg uncertainty • 海森堡測不準原理
principle
• Position
• 位置
• Momentum
• 動量 (p = mv)
Momemtum 動量
1.詞性: 名詞 (n.)
2.唸唸看: Mo-men-tum
3.相關
(請讀出聲音)
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
There is a fundamental limitation to just how
precisely we can know both the position and
momentum of a particle at a given time.
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
x    m 
h

4
Δx = uncertainty in a particle’s position
Δ(mν) = uncertainty in a particle’s momentum
h = Planck’s constant
English
中文翻譯
• Wavefunction
• 波函數
• Probability distribution • 機率分佈
• 軌域
• Orbital
• Physical Meaning of a Wave Function (Ψ)
The square of the function indicates the
probability of finding an electron near a
particular point in space.
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.6 Quantum Numbers
English
中文翻譯
• Principal quantum
number (n).
• Angular momentum
quantum number (l)
• Magnetic quantum
number (ml)
• Electron spin quantum
number (ms)
• 主量子數
• 角動量子數
• 磁量子數
• 電子自旋量子數
• Principal quantum number (n) – size and
energy of the orbital.
• Angular momentum quantum number (l) shape of atomic orbitals (sometimes called a
subshell).
• Magnetic quantum number (ml) – orientation
of the orbital in space relative to the other
orbitals in the atom.
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies
English
中文翻譯
• Orbital • 軌域
English
中文翻譯
• Nodal surface
• Nodes
• 節面
• 節
• In hydrogen 1s orbital radius of the sphere
that encloses 90% of the total electron
probability.
English
中文翻譯
• Degenerate
• 簡併
All orbitals with the same value of n have the same energy. The
orbitals are said to be degenerate.
Orbital energy levels for hydrogen levels
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle
English
中文翻譯
• Electron spin quantum
number (ms)
• Pauli exclusion principle
• 電子自旋量子數
• 鮑立不相容原理
Pauli exclusion principle
In a given atom no two electrons can have the same set of four
quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms).
• Since only two values of are allowed, an orbital can
hold only two electrons, and they must have opposite
spins.
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms
English
中文翻譯
• Screened
• Shielded
• Penetration effect
• 遮蔽
• 遮蔽
• 穿透效應
• The electron is screened or shielded from the
nuclear charge by the repulsions of the other
electrons.
氯
鎂
• The penetration effect causes an electron in a
2s orbital to be attracted to nucleus more
strongly than an electron in a 2p orbital.
• The 2s orbital is lower in energy than the 2p
orbitals in a polyelectronic atom.
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.10 The History of the periodic Table
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table
English
中文翻譯
• Configuration
• Valence electrons
• Core electrons
• (電子)組態
• 價電子
• 核心電子
Na
• Aufbau principle
As protons are added one by one to the nucleus
to build up the elements, electrons are similarly
added to these hydrogen-like orbitals.
• Hund’s rule
The lowest energy of configuration for an atom is
he one having the maximum number unpaired
electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a
particular set of degenerate orbitals.
Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase
7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
English
• Ionization Energy
• the first ionization energy
• The second ionization energy
中文翻譯
• 游離能
• 第一游離能
• 第二游離能
Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an
electron from a gaseous atom or ion.
• The first ionization energy increases when we
go across a period from left to right.
• The first ionization energy decreases in going
down a group.
English
• Electron affinity
中文翻譯
• 電子親和力
Electron affinity is the energy change associated with
the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom.
• In general, the electron affinities become more negative
(exothermic) from left to right across a period. There are
several exceptions to this rule in each period, which consider
the change in electron repulsions as a function of electron
configuration.
• When we go down a group, electron affinity should become
more positive (less energy released) since the electron is added
at increasing distances from the nucleus.
放熱越多
放熱越多
Exceptions 例外
• The atomic radii decrease in going from left to right across a
period because of the increasing effective nuclear charge.
• The valence electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus,
decreasing the size of the atom.
• Atomic radius increases down a group, because of the
increases in the orbital size in successive principal quantum
number n.
• Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in
molecule to attract shared electrons to itself.
• A molecule has a center of positive charge and
a center of negative charge is said to be
dipolar or to have a dipole moment.
• VSEPR Model
valence shell electron-pair repulsion model