* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 7_01042016
Bohr–Einstein debates wikipedia , lookup
Bremsstrahlung wikipedia , lookup
Double-slit experiment wikipedia , lookup
Ferromagnetism wikipedia , lookup
Renormalization wikipedia , lookup
EPR paradox wikipedia , lookup
Symmetry in quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Relativistic quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Molecular orbital wikipedia , lookup
Particle in a box wikipedia , lookup
X-ray fluorescence wikipedia , lookup
Auger electron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Matter wave wikipedia , lookup
Quantum electrodynamics wikipedia , lookup
Tight binding wikipedia , lookup
Wave–particle duality wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation wikipedia , lookup
Atomic orbital wikipedia , lookup
Hydrogen atom wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 7. Atomic Structure and Periodicity 第七章 原子結構與週期性 Learning Material for Technical English 科技英文導讀教材 Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation English 中文翻譯 • • • • • • • • • • Electromagnetic radiation wave Wavelength Frequency Speed 電磁輻射 波 波長 頻率 速度 Electromagnetic 電磁的 1.詞性: 形容詞 (adj.) 2.唸唸看: Elec-tro-mag-ne-tic (請讀出聲音) 3.相關 Electromagnetic wave 電磁波 Electromagnetic radiation 電磁輻射 Frequency 頻率 1.詞性: 名詞 (n.) 2.唸唸看: Fre-quen-cy 3.相關 (請讀出聲音) speed frequency wavelength 波速 頻率 波長 English 中文翻譯 • Visible light • Ultra-violet • Infrared • 可見光 • 紫外光 • 紅外線 Ultra-violet 紫外線 1.詞性: 名詞 (adj.) 2.唸唸看: Ul-tra-vio-let (請讀出聲音) Infrared 紅外線 1.詞性: 名詞 (adj.) 2.唸唸看: In-fra-red (請讀出聲音) Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.2 Nature of Matter English 中文翻譯 • • • • • • • • • • Quanta Photon Plank’s constant Photoelectric effect Dual nature of light 量子 光子 蒲朗克常數 光電效應 光的雙重性 Photoelectric Effect 光電效應 Dual Nature of Light 光的雙重性 Wave Particle • Energy can be gained or lost only in whole number multiples of h (Plank’s constant). • Energy is quantized. Electromagnetic radiation is a stream of “particles” called photons. • Dual nature of light: Electromagnetic radiation (and all matter) exhibits wave properties and particulate properties. Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen English 中文翻譯 • Spectrum • Line Spectrum • Hydrogen emission spectrum • refraction • 光譜 • 線光譜 • 氫放射光譜 • 折射 Spectrum 光譜 1.詞性: 名詞 (n.) 2.唸唸看: Spec-trum (請讀出聲音) 3.相關 Spectra 光譜的複數型態 Spectroscopy 光譜學 • Only certain energies are allowed for the electron in the hydrogen atom. • Energy of the electron in the hydrogen atom is quantized. Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.4 The Bohr Model English 中文翻譯 • • • • • • • • Energy level Ground state Excited state Electronic transition 能階 基態 激發態 電子躍遷 Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom English 中文翻譯 • Heisenberg uncertainty • 海森堡測不準原理 principle • Position • 位置 • Momentum • 動量 (p = mv) Momemtum 動量 1.詞性: 名詞 (n.) 2.唸唸看: Mo-men-tum 3.相關 (請讀出聲音) • Heisenberg uncertainty principle There is a fundamental limitation to just how precisely we can know both the position and momentum of a particle at a given time. Heisenberg uncertainty principle x m h 4 Δx = uncertainty in a particle’s position Δ(mν) = uncertainty in a particle’s momentum h = Planck’s constant English 中文翻譯 • Wavefunction • 波函數 • Probability distribution • 機率分佈 • 軌域 • Orbital • Physical Meaning of a Wave Function (Ψ) The square of the function indicates the probability of finding an electron near a particular point in space. Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.6 Quantum Numbers English 中文翻譯 • Principal quantum number (n). • Angular momentum quantum number (l) • Magnetic quantum number (ml) • Electron spin quantum number (ms) • 主量子數 • 角動量子數 • 磁量子數 • 電子自旋量子數 • Principal quantum number (n) – size and energy of the orbital. • Angular momentum quantum number (l) shape of atomic orbitals (sometimes called a subshell). • Magnetic quantum number (ml) – orientation of the orbital in space relative to the other orbitals in the atom. Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies English 中文翻譯 • Orbital • 軌域 English 中文翻譯 • Nodal surface • Nodes • 節面 • 節 • In hydrogen 1s orbital radius of the sphere that encloses 90% of the total electron probability. English 中文翻譯 • Degenerate • 簡併 All orbitals with the same value of n have the same energy. The orbitals are said to be degenerate. Orbital energy levels for hydrogen levels Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle English 中文翻譯 • Electron spin quantum number (ms) • Pauli exclusion principle • 電子自旋量子數 • 鮑立不相容原理 Pauli exclusion principle In a given atom no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms). • Since only two values of are allowed, an orbital can hold only two electrons, and they must have opposite spins. Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms English 中文翻譯 • Screened • Shielded • Penetration effect • 遮蔽 • 遮蔽 • 穿透效應 • The electron is screened or shielded from the nuclear charge by the repulsions of the other electrons. 氯 鎂 • The penetration effect causes an electron in a 2s orbital to be attracted to nucleus more strongly than an electron in a 2p orbital. • The 2s orbital is lower in energy than the 2p orbitals in a polyelectronic atom. Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.10 The History of the periodic Table Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table English 中文翻譯 • Configuration • Valence electrons • Core electrons • (電子)組態 • 價電子 • 核心電子 Na • Aufbau principle As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to these hydrogen-like orbitals. • Hund’s rule The lowest energy of configuration for an atom is he one having the maximum number unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals. Part A. Vocabulary and Phrase 7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties English • Ionization Energy • the first ionization energy • The second ionization energy 中文翻譯 • 游離能 • 第一游離能 • 第二游離能 Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. • The first ionization energy increases when we go across a period from left to right. • The first ionization energy decreases in going down a group. English • Electron affinity 中文翻譯 • 電子親和力 Electron affinity is the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom. • In general, the electron affinities become more negative (exothermic) from left to right across a period. There are several exceptions to this rule in each period, which consider the change in electron repulsions as a function of electron configuration. • When we go down a group, electron affinity should become more positive (less energy released) since the electron is added at increasing distances from the nucleus. 放熱越多 放熱越多 Exceptions 例外 • The atomic radii decrease in going from left to right across a period because of the increasing effective nuclear charge. • The valence electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus, decreasing the size of the atom. • Atomic radius increases down a group, because of the increases in the orbital size in successive principal quantum number n. • Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in molecule to attract shared electrons to itself. • A molecule has a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge is said to be dipolar or to have a dipole moment. • VSEPR Model valence shell electron-pair repulsion model