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Anatomy and Physiology Conceptual Semester I Final Review 2012 Use your notes, the PowerPoint on the class website, the book companion site and any chapter worksheets you completed to help you with this review. If all else fails, read the chapter. This review will NOT be taken for points. There will NOT be a class discussion over the correct answers to this review. I will answer specific questions, but this is all material that we have already covered in class together. Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Objectives 1. Describe the basic functions of living organisms. 2. Define anatomy and physiology and descry e the various specialties within each discipline. 3. Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms. 4. Identify the organ systems of the human body and the major components of each system. 5. Explain the significance of homeostasis. 6. Describe how positive and negative feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation. 7. Use anatomical terms to describe body sections, body regions, and relative positions. 8. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions. Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization Objectives 1. Describe an atom and an element. 2. Compare the ways in which atoms combine to form molecules and compounds. 3. Use chemical notation to symbolize chemical reactions. 4. Distinguish among the three major types of chemical reactions that are important for studying physiology. 5. Describe the pH scale and the role of buffers in body fluids. 6. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. 7. Explain how the chemical properties of water make life possible. 8. Describe the physiological roles of inorganic compounds. 9. Discuss the structure and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and high-energy compounds. 10. Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism. Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function Objectives: 1. Discuss the basic concepts of the cell theory. 2. List the functions of the cell membrane and the structures that enable it to perform those functions. 3. Describe the various mechanisms that cells use to transport substances across the cell membrane. 4. Describe the organelles of a typical cell, and indicate their specific functions. 5. Explain the functions of he cell nucleus. 6. Summarize the process of protein synthesis. 7. Describe the process of mitosis and explain its significance. 8. Define differentiation and explain its importance. Chapter 4: The tissue Level of Organization Objectives 1. Identify the body’s four major tissue types and their roles. 2. Discuss the types and functions of epithelial cells. 3. Describe the relationship between form and function for each epithelial type. 4. Compare the structures and functions of the various types of connective tissues. 5. Explain how epithelial and connective tissues combine to form four types of membranes, and specify the functions of each. 6. Describe the three types of muscle tissue and the special structural features of each type. 7. Discuss the basic structure and role of neural tissue. 8. Explain how tissues respond in a coordinated manner to maintain homeostasis. 9. Describe how aging affects the tissues of the body. Chapter 6: The Skeletal System Objectives 1. Describe the functions of the skeletal system. 2. Compare the structures and functions of compact and spongy bones. 3. Discuss bone growth and development, account for variation in the internal structure of specific bones. 4. Describe the remodeling and repair of the skeleton, and discuss homeostatic mechanisms responsible for regulating mineral deposition and turnover. 5. Name the components and functions of the axial and appendicular skeletons. 6. Distinguish among different types of joints, and link structural features to joint functions. 7. Describe the dynamic movements of the skeleton and the structure of representative articulations. 8. Explain the relationships between joint structure and mobility, using specific examples. Chapter 7: The Muscle System Objectives 1. Describe the functions of skeletal muscle tissue. 2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. 3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. 4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. 5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. 6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power contractions. 7. Relate the types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. 8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their implication for muscular performance. 9. Compare skeletal, cardiac, and smoother muscles in terms of structure and functions. 10. Describe the effects of aging on muscle tissue. Chapter 16: The Digestive System Objectives 1. Differentiate chemical and mechanical digestion and predict where each occurs in the body. 2. Distinguish absorption from secretion and predict where each will occur in the body. 3. Explain the effects of digestion, secretion, and absorption have on the formation of feces. 4. Compare and contrast the roles of salivary, liver, and pancreatic exocrine glands play in the chemical digestion of food. 5. Distinguish the four tunics/layers of the digestive tract. 6. Trace the sequence of food through the digestive tract. 7. Compare and contrast parietal, visceral and mesentery membranes. Chapter 18: The Urinary System Objectives 1. Identify the components of the urinary system, and describe the system's three primary functions. 2. Describe the locations, and structural features of the kidneys, trace the path of blood flow to, within, and from a kidney, and describe the structure of the nephron. 3. Distinguish the filtration, secretions, and reabsorption processes by function and location. 4. Trace the pattern of urine production and flow. 5. Explain the basic mechanisms involved in maintaining fluid balance and electrolyte balance. 6. Describe the effects of aging on the urinary system. 7. Distinguish urinary diseases based on homeostatic imbalance descriptors.