Download Mendel PPT

T
t
T
Tt
t
GENETICS
SINGLE TRAIT PUNNETT
SQUARE
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Gregor Mendel
• The basic laws of
heredity were first
formed during the mid1800’s by an Austrian
botanist monk named
Gregor Mendel.
Because his work laid
the foundation to the
study of heredity,
Mendel is referred to
as “The Father of
Genetics.”
Old Beliefs
• Before Mendel came along, people
believed that inheritance was a blend of
traits you got from your parents.
• Buuuuut, how do you explain a redhead
when both the parents are brunette? Or
why you have different colored eyes than
either of your parents?
Mendel’ Pea Plants
Mendel based his laws on his studies of
garden pea plants. Mendel was able to
observe differences in multiple traits
over many generations because pea
plants reproduce rapidly, and have many
visible traits such as:
Seed Color
Plant Height
Green Yellow
Tall
Short
Pod color
Green
Yellow
Seed Shape
Pod Shape
Wrinkled Round
Smooth Pinched
Mendel’s Experiments
Mendel noticed that some plants always produced offspring
that had a form of a trait exactly like the parent plant. He
called these plants “purebred” plants. For instance, purebred
short plants always produced short offspring and purebred tall
plants always produced tall offspring.
X
Purebred Short Parents
Short Offspring
X
Purebred Tall Parents
Tall Offspring
Mendel’s First Experiment
Mendel crossed purebred plants with opposite forms of a trait.
He called these plants the parental generation , or P generation.
For instance, purebred tall plants were crossed with purebred
short plants.
X
Parent Tall
P generation
Parent Short
P generation
Offspring Tall
F1 generation
What do you think the next
generation looked like?
Mendel observed that all of the offspring
grew to be tall plants. None resembled the
short parent. He called this generation of
offspring the first filial , or F1 generation,
(The word filial means “son” in Latin.)
Mendel’s Second Experiment
Mendel then crossed two of the offspring tall plants (two F1
plants) produced from his first experiment.
Parent Plants
Offspring
X
Tall
F1 generation
3⁄4 Tall & 1⁄4 Short
F2 generation
Mendel called this second generation of plants the second
filial, F2, generation. To his surprise, Mendel observed that
this generation had a mix of tall and short plants. This
occurred even though none of the F1 parents were short.
So what was going on???
• Mendel discovered that genetics are NOT a blend of traits
inherited from your parents, but in fact they are much more
complicated.
• Everything inherits two copies of every gene, one from
each of the parents. These copies are called alleles. Each
allele represents a phenotype, or characteristic.
• Some alleles are dominant, and some are recessive.
• For example, with Mendel’s pea plants, the trait was height.
The phenotype was whether the plant was short or tall. For
the purebred Parent generation, one parent had two copies
of the tall allele, and the other parent had two copies of the
short allele.
• When an organism has two copies of the same allele it is
called homozygous.
• In the F1 generation, the pea plants had inherited one allele from the
short parent, and one allele from the tall parent.
• Plants with two different alleles are called heterozygous.
• The tall allele was dominant, because all of the pea plants displayed
the tall phenotype.
• Vocabulary words!!!!
• Gene: codes for a trait, such as height.
• Allele: codes for an expression of that trait, such as tall.
• Phenotype: the expression of the trait that you see.
• Genotype: the actual alleles the plant has.
TOOLS TO KNOW
A PUNNET SQUARE
IS A TOOL USED TO
PREDICT THE
POSSIBLE
GENOTYPES FOR
THE OFFSPRING OF
TWO KNOWN
PARENTS.
PARENT’S GENES
PARENT’S GENES
TERMS TO KNOW
ALLELES
DIFFERENT FORMS OF A
TRAIT THAT A GENE MAY
HAVE
HOMOZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH
TWO ALLELES THAT ARE
THE SAME
HETEROZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH
TWO DIFFERENT
ALLELES FOR A TRAIT
T,t
TT, tt
Tt, Gg
TERMS TO KNOW
HYBRID
SAME AS
HETEROZYGOUS
DOMINANT
A TRAIT THAT
DOMINATES OR COVERS
UP THE OTHER FORM OF
THE TRAIT
Tt, Gg
REPRESENTED BY AN
UPPERCASE LETTER
T G
OR
RECESSIVE
THE TRAIT BEING
DOMINATED OR
COVERED UP BY THE
DOMINATE TRAIT
REPRESENTED BY A
LOWER CASE LETTER
t g
or
TERMS TO KNOW
PHENOTYPE
THE PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE OF AN
ORGANISM
(WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE)
TALL, SHORT,
GREEN,
WRINKLED
GENOTYPE
THE GENE ORDER OF AN
ORGANISM
(WHAT ITS GENES LOOK
LIKE)
TT, GG, Tt, gg
Gg, tt
RATIO
THE RELATIONSHIP IN
NUMBERS BETWEEN
TWO OR MORE THINGS
3:1, 2:2, 1:2:1
HOW TO USE A MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT) PUNNETT
SQUARE
THE PARENTS’ ALLELES
GO ON THE OUTSIDE OF
THE SQUARE
BB X bb
b
b
B
B
HOW TO USE A MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT) PUNNETT
SQUARE
THE PARENTS’ ALLELES
GO ON THE OUTSIDE OF
THE SQUARE
b
THE ORDER DOES
NOT MATTER IN
THE BOXES, BUT
UPPERCASE
FIRST IS A GOOD
RULE
b
B
B b
B b
B
B b
B b
DROP THE
LETTERS ON
THE TOP, INTO
EACH SQUARE
MOVE EACH
LETTER ON
THE SIDE,
INTO EACH
SQUARE
HOW TO USE A MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT) PUNNETT
SQUARE
WHAT DO THE
RESULTS SHOW?
RESULTS:
B
B
PHENOTYPIC:
IF B IS THE
DOMINANT
ALLELE FOR
BLACK
AND b IS THE
RECESSIVE
ALLELE FOR
BROWN
100% BLACK
b
Bb
GENOTYPIC:
100% Bb
b
Bb
THEN WE CAN
MAKE
PREDICTIONS
ABOUT THE
OUTCOMES
Bb
4:0 RATIO, BLACK
TO BROWN
Bb
4:0 ALL Bb
HOW TO USE A PUNNETT SQUARE
LET’S LOOK AT
ANOTHER
PUNNETT
SQUARE AND
PREDICT THE
OUTCOME
WHAT ARE THE
RESULTS?
T
t
PHENOTYPIC:
T
T T
Tt
T IS THE
DOMINANT
ALLELE FOR
TALLNESS
t IS THE
RECESSIVE
ALLELE
FOR
SHORTNESS
75% TALL
25% SHORT
3 TO 1 RATIO: TALL
TO SHORT
GENOTYPIC:
t
T
t
t t
1TT: 2Tt: 1tt
1:2:1 RATIO
25 %TT,
50% Tt, 25% tt
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF
PUNNETT SQUARES
THE ALLELES OF A
PARTICULAR SPECIES OF DOG
CAN BE EITHER D (NORMAL
HEIGHTH) OR d (DWARF). THE
HETEROZYGOUS (Dd) AND
HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT (DD)
FORM OF THIS DOG LOOK THE
SAME (TALL). IF YOU FOUND A
STRAY DOG OF THIS BREED,
HOW COULD YOU DETERMINE
ITS GENOTYPE?
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF
PUNNETT SQUARES
COULD A DOG BE
CROSSED WITH ANOTHER
DOG TO DETERMINE IF HE
WAS PUREBRED FOR
TALLNESS?
WHAT GENOTYPE
SHOULD THE DOG HAVE
THAT IS BEING USED
FOR THE CROSS?
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF
PUNNETT SQUARES
IF THE DOG IS PUREBRED
(DD), IT DOESN’T MATTER
WHAT YOU CROSS IT WITH,
THE OFFSPRING WILL
ALWAYS LOOK LIKE THE
DOMINANT.
D
D
DD
d
Dd
Dd
D
D
DD
DD
D
DD
DD
D
D
d
Dd
Dd
d
Dd
D
DD
D
Dd
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF
PUNNETT SQUARES
WHAT WOULD BE THE MOST
EFFECTIVE CROSS FOR
DETERMINING IF THE DOG IS
HETEROZYGOUS (Dd) ?
CROSSING IT WITH A
PUREBRED (DD) WILL NOT
HELP.
D
WHAT WOULD THE RESULTS BE IF
YOU CROSSED IT WITH ANOTHER
HETEROZYGOUS?
WHAT WOULD THE RESULTS BE IF
YOU CROSSED IT WITH A
HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE (dd)?
d
D
DD
Dd
d
Dd
dd
d
d
D
d
Dd
dd
Dd
dd
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF
PUNNETT SQUARES
D
d
D
DD
Dd
d
d
Dd
dd
d
THE HETEROZYGOUS
CROSS WOULD ONLY GIVE
YOU A 25% CHANCE OF THE
RECESSIVE TRAIT
APPEARING.
D
d
Dd
dd
Dd
dd
THE MOST EFFECTIVE CROSS WAS
USING THE HOMOZYGOUS
RECESSIVE. THIS WOULD GIVE A 50%
CHANCE OF THE RECESSIVE TRAIT
APPEARING.
THIS PROCESS IS CALLED A TEST CROSS. IN A LITTER OF DOGS,
IF A RECESSIVE DOG APPEARS, THEN YOU KNOW THAT THE
ORIGINAL DOG WAS NOT A PUREBRED.
IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
(FRUIT FLIES), RED EYE COLOR
(R) IS DOMINANT OVER BROWN
EYE COLOR (r). IF THE FLIES IN
THE PICTURE WERE CROSSED,
WHAT PERCENT OF THEIR
OFFSPRING WOULD BE
EXPECTED TO HAVE BROWN
EYES?
ANSWER: 50%
H
1. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING
HAS THE hh GENOTYPE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1&3
2
4
NONE
H
4
1
h
3
2
2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A TRUE
STATEMENT?
A.
B.
C.
D.
h
INDIVIDUAL 4 IS RECESSIVE
INDIVIDUALS 1 & 3 ARE HETEROZYGOUS
INDIVIDUAL 2 IS DOMINANT
ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE FEMALE
3. IF B IS THE ALLELE FOR BLACK
FUR AND b IS THE ALLELE FOR
WHITE FUR, WHAT PERCENT
WOULD BE BLACK?
A.
B.
C.
D.
25%
50%
100%
75%
B
b
B
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
4. WHAT FRACTION IS HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT IN THE ABOVE CROSS?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1/2
1/4
1/3
3/4
B
5. IN THIS CROSS, WHAT IS THE
RATIO OF BB TO Bb?
A.
B.
C.
D.
3:1
4:1
2:2
0:4
B
B
BB
BB
b
Bb
Bb