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Transcript
Vaccinated individuals become protected against polio because the weakened viruses promote production of antibodies. Viruses require a host cell because they are not able to make proteins on their own. Methanogens, thermophiles, and halophiles are some of the most primitive lifeforms found on Earth and thrive in very harsh environments. These unicellular, prokaryotic organisms most likely belong to the kingdom archaebacteria. prokaryotes are much smaller than eukaryotes prokaryotes lack (do not have) nuclei During an infection, some viruses remain inside cell but do not cause symptoms of disease. The graphic above depicts the lysogenic cycle in which cell and viral DNA are copied. examples of negative feedback: When an athlete is working out their body sweats and blood vessels dilate to lower the body temperature until it returns to average The body detects the amount of sugar in the blood and secretes the hormone insulin to keep the sugar at a manageable amount The Nervous and endocrine systems work together to monitor and control response to internal and external stimuli Certain reactions, like when you touch something hot and pull away quickly, are not processed in the brain, but rather between motor neurons. This action that bypasses the brain is called a reflex arc. At the base of the brain, connected to the spinal cord, is one of the most important parts of the brain. In charge of vital functions like breathing and heartbeat, life is not possible without the medulla oblongata. Nitrogen is a key element in the body. It is used in everything from messengers that relax the muscles to DNA and proteins. Nitrogen is not readily available in forms the body can use in the air like oxygen is. Animals get the nitrogen that they need when bacteria fix the nitrogen so plants can absorb it and animals eat the plants. When bacteria reproduce, they create two new copies of the original cell. Bacteria, however, are regularly used in experiments testing evolution. Bacteria end up with differing DNA through a process called conjugation. Bacteria come in many different shapes and combinations: Combination: two = diplo strings = strepto clumps = staphylo Shapes: Rod = bacilli Round = coccus Spiral =spirilla Top picture is streptococcus Bottom picture is staphylococcus The integumentary system is the body's first defense against infection as well as a way to release wastes from the body. The outer layer of this system that contains keratin and melanin is known as epidermis. Sensory neurons pick up information about the world around an organism and transmit it to the brain. These specialized cells have a specific shape that allows them to be quick and efficient. This is a neuron: Characteristics of bacteria: The oldest life-forms on earth Move, grow, and reproduce on their own Organisms evolved from these Characteristics of viruses: Exhibit characteristics of non-living things Need a host cell to carry out metabolic functions Surrounded by a protein coat Characteristics of the nervous system: Made up of the central and peripheral systems Sends electrical messages throughout the body Characteristics of the endocrine system: Uses hormones to send messages throughout the body Made up of glands that secrete chemical messages