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Language of Anatomy Section 1.7 Learner Outcome: • To define and use the medical and anatomical terms to describe the body and its relative positions and structures. Form Follows Function • Anatomy is defined as the study of the structures or forms of living things. • Physiology is defined as the study of the functions and vital processes of living organisms. Anatomical Terminology • Terms that are used to describe the location of parts, regions, and planes on which the body can be sectioned. • All anatomical terms are based on the body being in anatomical position. • Is anatomical position universal for all animals? Anatomical Terms • • • • • • • • Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Dorsal Ventral Medial Lateral • • • • • • • • Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Intermediate Ipsilateral Contralateral Bilateral Fig. 1.2 Body Regions • Axial and appendicular portions. • Axial (axis): head, neck, and trunk. (Trunk: thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) • Appendicular: limbs and their associated girdles. • Try: cephalic, cervical, brachial, antebrachial, femoral, crural, gluteal, vertebral, umbilical, coxal, pectoral, genital. Fig. 1.3 Planes and Sections • Invisible, imaginary plane cut through the body to section it. • Sagittal – verticle L and R – Midsagittal and Parasagittal • Frontal – vertical ant. and post. • Transverse – horizontal • Oblique - angle Fig. 1.4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants Abdominopelvic Regions Organization of the Human Body Section 1.6 Body Cavities and Subcavities • The first divisions of the body that are made are: ventral and dorsal. • Dorsal cavities: Cranial (Brain) and Vertebral (Spinal Cord). • Ventral cavities: Thoracic (Heart & Lungs) and Abdominopelvic: (Digestive, urinary and reproductive organs). • Other Cavities: Oral, Otic, Orbital, Nasal and Synovial (Skeletal Joints) Fig. 1.5a Fig. 1.5b Membranes • Cavities and the organs (viscera) of the cavities are lined with membranes. Why do you think this is? – Dorsal cavities: Cranial, vertebral. • Dorsal membranes: meninges. – Ventral cavities: Thoracic, abdominopelvic. • Ventral membranes: pluera, pericardium, peritoneum Serous Membranes • Visceral layer – inner layer, in contact with the organ (viscera) itself. • Parietal layer – the outer membrane. • Serous fluid – viscous fluid found in the cavity between the visceral and parietal layers. • Examples: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum. • May have additional fibrous layers superficial to the serous membranes. TA p06 Pericardium Pericardium and Pluera Peritoneum of Abdominal Organs Think!!! • What are the risks associated with a serous fluid build up in relation to these membranes? • What are the risks associated with a lack of serous fluid