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Dichotomous Key
1. A way to identify unknown organisms
Classification
2. Contains major characteristics of
groups of organisms
Section 1: The Importance of
Classification
3. Pairs of CONTRASTING descriptions
Taxonomy: the science of describing,
naming, and classifying organisms
4. After each description key either directs
use to another pair of descriptions or
identifies an object
Genus: a level of classification that
contains similar species
Binominal Nomenclature: a system of
giving each organism a two-word
scientific name that consists of the
genus name followed by the species
name
I. The Need for Systems
A. About 1.7 million species have been
named and described by scientists
B. Millions more are undiscovered
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C. Practice of naming and classifying
organisms is taxonomy
D. Taxonomic systems organize
knowledge of organisms
E. Systems attempt to provide consistent
ways to name and categorize organisms
F. Taxonomic systems do not use common
names
1. May be confusing because common names
are different places
2. Use categories to organize organisms
Cambaridae camburus
n  Crayfish
n  Crawdad
n  Mudbug
n  Yabbie
G. Biologists group organisms into large
categories
1. Then smaller, more specific categories
a. taxon (plural, taxa.)
II. Scientific Nomenclature
A. Various naming systems were invented in
the early days of European biology
1. Used long, descriptive Latin phrases called
polynomials
2. Names for taxa were inconsistent between
these systems
3. The only consistent taxon was genus
a. used to group similar species
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B. Carlos Linnaeus
1. Swedish Biologist in the 1750s
2. Carl von Linne
3. Developed simpler and more consistent
system
C. Naming Rules
4. Two-word naming system called binomial
nomenclature
5. Genus name and a single descriptive word
for each species
6. Universally adopted
7. Called a scientific name
3. All the members of a genus share the genus
name as the first term
Lion - Panthera leo
Tiger - Panthera tigris
1. No two species can have the same scientific
name
4. The second term is called the species
identifier, and is often descriptive
2. All scientific names are made up of two Latin
or Latin-like terms
5. When you write the scientific name, the genus
name should be capitalized and the species
identifier should be lowercase
6. Both terms should be italicized (or underlined)
7. Example
A. Apis mellifera is the European honeybee
1) The term mellifera derives from the latin word
for honey
III. The Linnaean System
A. Devised a system to classify all plants
and animals that were known
B. Organisms grouped at successive levels
of the hierarchy based on similarities in
form and structure
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C. Eight basic levels of modern classification
1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum (Division--Plants)
4.  Class
5.  Order
6.  Family
7.  Genus
8.  species (strains - Bacteria)
D. Classification of Man
1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. species
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mamalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapiens
Dumb Kings Play Chess On Finely Ground Sand
D. Each taxon is identified based on
shared traits
E. Similar species are grouped into a
genus
F. Domain
1. Recent addition
2. Recognizes most basic differences among
cell types
1. Similar genera are grouped into a family
2. And so on up to the level of domain
G. Kingdom
1. Six kingdoms fit within the three domains
3. All living things grouped into one of three
domains
H. Phylum
1. Subgroup within kingdom
I. Class
1. Subgroup within a phylum
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J. Order
1. Subgroup within a class
L. Genus (plural, genera)
1. Subgroup within family
K. Family
Subgroup within an order
M. species
1. Subgroup within Genus
2. Uniquely shared traits
3. Species are thought to be closely related
4. Defined as a unique group of organisms united
by heredity or the ability to interbreed
5. Scientists tend to define species based on
unique features
6. Example
1. Homo sapiens
a. only living primate species that walks upright
b. uses spoken language
Section 2: Modern Systematics
Phylogenetic Tree: shows the
evolutionary relationships among
organisms
I. Evolutionary Relationships
A. Phylogenetic Tree: family tree used by
taxonomists
1. Shows evolutionary relationships among
species not individuals
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2. Fossil Record Used
3. Comparative to family members
4. Spirochetes are most closely related to what
organisms?
Proteobacteria
5. Name two organisms that are distantly related
II. Physical Structures
6. Classification of organisms is based on
GENETIC relationship
A. Linnaeus based his classification on
physical characteristics
7. Organisms that are more closely related have
similar genetic makeup and therefore have a
recent common ANCESTOR
B. Modern scientists base classification on
physical and chemical characteristics as
well as fossil record
Section 3: Kingdoms and
Domains
III. Problems in Classification
A. As new evidence is discovered and new
research is done scientists are having to
reclassify organisms
Bacteria: extremely small, single-celled
organisms that usually have a cell wall
and that usually reproduce by cell
division: members of the domain
Bacterial
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Archaea: prokaryotes that are
distinguished from other prokaryotes by
differences in their genetics and in the
makeup of their cell wall; members of
the domain Archaea
I. Updating Classification Systems
A. When Linnaeus created his system he
recognized two kingdoms:
Eukaryote: an organisms made up of
cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a
membrane, multiple chromosomes, and
a mitotic cycle; members of the domain
Eukarya
B. Biologists have added complexity and
detail to classification systems as they
have learned more
1. Many taxa have been proposed
1. Plantae
2. Animalia
2. Some have been reclassified
C. 1800s added Kingdom Protista as a
taxon for unicellular animals
a. Sponges used to be classified as plants
b. Microscopes allowed scientists to study sponge
cells
c. Scientists learned that sponge cells are much more
like animal cells, so today sponges are classified as
animals
D. Then noticed differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
1. Scientists created Kingdom Monera for
prokaryotes
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E. By the 1950s, Kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, and Animalia were used
F. In the 1990s, genetic data suggested two major
groups of prokaryotes
1. Kingdom Monera split into Kingdoms
II. The Three-Domain System
A. Divide all organisms into three domains
1. Bacteria
a. Eubacteria
2. Archaea
b. Archaebacteria
3. Eukarya
B. Major taxa are defined by major
characteristics, including
1. Cell Type
2. Cell Walls
a. Absent
b. Present
a. Prokaryotic
3. Body Type
b. Eukaryotic
a.  Unicellular
b. Multicellular
4. Nutrition
a . Autotroph (makes own food)
b. Heterotroph (gets nutrients from other organisms
5. Related groups of organisms have similar
a. Genetic Material
C. Bacteria
1. Prokaryotes
2. Strong exterior walls and a unique genetic
system
b. Systems of genetic expression
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3. Same kind of cell membrane lipid as most
eukaryotes do
5. Classified according to
a. Their shape
4. All bacteria are similar in structure, no
internal compartments
b. Nature of their cell wall
c. Their type of metabolism
d. How they obtain nutrients
6. Most abundant organisms on Earth
D. Archea
1. Chemically unique cell wall and membranes
7. Found in every environment
2. Unique genetic system
a. Share some similarities with those of eukaryotes that
they do not share with those of prokaryotes
3. Scientists think that archea evolved in a
separate lineage from bacteria early in Earth’s
history
4. Scientists also believe that some archea
eventually gave rise to eukaryotes
5. First found in extreme environments
a. Salt Lakes
b. Deep ocean
c. Hot springs that exceeded 100 °C
d. These archaea are called extremophiles
e. Methanogens live in oxygen-free environments
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E. Eukarya is made up of Kingdoms
1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
6. Cells have a complex inner structure that
enabled cells to become larger than the earliest
cells
7. Complex inner structure enabled the evolution
of multicellular organisms
4. Animalia
5. Eukaryotes
8. True multicellularity and sexual reproduction
9. Major groups of eukaryotes are defined by
1. Number of cells
F. Plantae
1. Almost all plants are autotrophs
a. The process that makes food, photosynthesis,
occurs in chloroplasts
2. Body organization
3. Types of nutrition
2. Cell wall is made of a rigid material called
cellulose
3. More than 350,000 known species of plants
exist
G. Animalia
1. Multicellular heterotrohps
2. Their bodies may be simple collections of cells
or complex networks of organ systems
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3. Animal cells lack a rigid cell wall
4. More than 1 million known species of
animals exist
H. Fungi
1. Heterotrophs that are mostly multicellular
2. Cell wall is made of a rigid material called
chitin
3. More than 70,000 known species of fungi
exist
I. Protista
1. A “leftover” taxon, it is a diverse group
2. Any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or
fungi can be called a protist
3. Did not descend from a single common
ancestor
4. Biologists recognize four major groups of
protists:
a. Flagellates
b. Amoeba
c. Algae
d. Parasitic protists
5. Recently, biologists have proposed to replace
Protista with several new kingdoms
Natural Selection Review
I. Define natural selection
A. Survival and Reproduction of organisms
best adapted to the environment
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Use the table below to answer the
following questions:
B. List the four parts of natural selection
1. There is variation within populations
2. Some variations are favorable
Level
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dog
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae
Canis
familiaris
Wolf
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae
Canis
lupus
Human
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
House Cat
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
domesticus
Octopus
Animalia
Molluska
Cephalopoda
Octopoda
Octopodidae
Octopus
vulgaris
Anteater
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Edentata
Myrmecophagidae
Myramecophaga
tridactyla
3. Not all offspring survive
4. Individuals that survive & reproduce are those
with favorable variations
a. Which organisms on the table are most
closely related?
Dog - Wolf
b. Which level of classification is your
answer based on?
Species
c. Which organisms on the table is the most
distantly related to the others?
Octopus
d. Which level of classification is your answer
base on?
Phylum
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