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Elizabeth Grisham Mississippi College Wester Civ II Things to Consider Why does European exploration matter to us today? Global Economy Technological advancement Global culture (?) We LIVE in the New World Immigration… Politics! Morality Unclaimed land, virgin land, empty land? So what started it? Age of Exploration European explorers searched for a better trade route to Asia Wanted gold, luxury goods, glory, and to spread Christianity GOLD, GOD, GLORY!! Europeans wanted to trade goods directly with Asia, rather than rely on Arab or Italian merchants These merchants taxed the goods heavily Age of Exploration Why did they begin exploring by sea? Wanted a quicker way to get eastern goods Wanted to spread Christianity Wanted Christian allies with whom they could face threatening Muslim powers Learning and curiosity Age of Exploration Technology and Exploration New technology allowed explorers to venture away from the sight of land Magnetic compass More accurate maps Before this, most maps were inaccurate Cartographers put lands on maps that were only rumors By the time of the Renaissance, maps were better and used latitude and longitude Map, 1502 Age of Exploration Ships that used several masts & sails Allowed them to sail faster and with less human labor These ships were called caravels Portugal Leads the Way Portugal was the 1st country to venture into the Atlantic Ocean looking for a route to Asia Prince Henry the Navigator Brought together mapmakers, mathematicians, and astronomers to study navigation Paid for explorers’ expeditions 1st one to suggest sailing to India by going around Africa First to bring African slaves to Europe Bartholomew Diaz (1488) Discovered the southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) Proved that ships could reach Asia by sailing around Africa Vasco da Gama (1497) First to find a water route to Asia -- first to round the tip of Africa to India Vasco da Gama In search of “Christians and spices” Christians for trading purposes one problem with traveling to Asia by land was crossing over hostile Muslim territory Da Gama’s success allowed to Portuguese to establish a trading empire along the coast of India (but did not colonize) Spain’s Quest for Riches Columbus sailed from Spain in 1492 Planned to reach India by heading west across the Atlantic Took 3 ships, the Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta Landed on the Bahamas, but thought he found India Explored the islands in the area Returned to Spain as a hero Made 3 more voyages before he died Spain’s Quest for Riches Ferdinand & Isabella backed the voyages of Christopher Columbus Spain’s Quest for Riches Line of Demarcation = a line drawn by the Pope down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean Spain had control of lands west of the line Portugal had control of lands east of it Line moved much further west with the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) = gave Portugal control of Brazil & Spain got the rest of South America Voyage of Magellan Ferdinand Magellan (1519) Headed west from Spain Reached a narrow passageway at the southern tip of South America Named the Strait of Magellan Voyage of Magellan After 4 months, he reached the Philippines Magellan was killed during the journey by natives in the Philippines After 3 years at sea, his crew returned to Spain Voyage of Magellan Magellan’s ships had circumnavigated = circled the globe Proved the world was round and larger than anyone thought Also proved the oceans were connected Race to the New World John Cabot sent by England’s King Henry VII America Vespucci wrote several letters detailing the geography of the New World, publication of the letters led to the New World being called “America” European Motivations for Imperialism Aware of their low position in the world of Eurasian commerce and wanted to change this European rulers driven by competition and rivalries with other countries Merchants wanted direct access to Asian wealth; no Muslim intermediaries European Motivations for Imperialism Poor European nobles and commoners thought they could gain wealth and status in the colonies Christian missionaries wanted to spread their faith Persecuted minorities wanted to start a new life with more freedoms European Advantages Countries and trading companies efficiently mobilized human and material resources Seafaring technology allowed them to cross the Atlantic easily Native Civilizations Mayans Modern day Mexico Had a sophisticated calendar Agrarian society Civilization declined before European exploration Native Civilizations Aztecs Capital in Tenochtitlan (modern day Mexico city) Aqueducts to bring in fresh water Warriors Native Civilizations Spanish-Aztec Encounters 1519 Hernan Cortez Moctezuma Aztec leader, believed the Spanish were sent from the sun god. He gave them gold and allowed them to stay in palaces. They quickly wore out their welcome and fighting broke out. Spanish pillaged the city and conquered the Aztecs European Advantages Ironworking technology Gunpowder weapons Horses European Advantages Germs and diseases! Major ones = Smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever Native Americans had no immunity to these diseases Incas Native Civilizations Civilization in southern Peru Empire spread across Ecuador, Chile, and parts of the Amazon Included up to 12 million people Emperor was believed to be descended from the sun god Great builders, up to 24,800 miles of roads and bridges Native Civilizations Spanish-Inca encounters Francisco Pizarro Small pox had already spread to the Incan empire Pizarro was easily able to conquer the Incan capital and establish a Spanish colony In the Lands of the Aztecs and Incas Aztecs = conquered by Hernan Cortes in 1519 Incas = conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1532 In modern-day Mexico In modern-day Peru Mexico and Peru Economic foundations for these colonial societies: Commercial agriculture on large rural estates Silver and gold mining Both = used native peoples as forced laborers Social Order of Spanish Colonies Peninsulares = Spaniards born in Spain Spanish Settlers Started from unions between native women and Spanish men Creoles = Spaniards born in the Americas Mestizo Population = mixed-race population Native Peoples (Primary labor force; slaves) Spanish immigration = 1 woman for every 7 men Mestizos Largely Hispanic in culture Many looked down upon by “pure” Spaniards Worked as artisans, clerks, supervisors of workers, and lower-level officials in church and government organizations “The Great Dying” Result of European conquest = large-scale decimation of Native American populations and societies In many cases, up to 90% of the population in a region would die Central Mexico = population went from about 20 million people to 1 million people by 1650 Spanish Empire This high death rate among natives left the Spanish without enough laborers to support the plantation based economy As a result, the Spanish began importing African slaves to the New World as laborers in place of the native workers Colonies of Sugar Location Controlled By Brazil Portugal Caribbean Spanish, British, French, and Dutch Uses for sugar in Europe: • A Medicine • A Spice • A Sweetener • A Preservative • In sculptured forms as a decoration indicated high status and wealth Production of Sugar Involved growing the sugarcane AND processing it into usable sugar Very labor-intensive Most profitable if done on a large-scale Massive use of slave labor imported Africans Native population had been wiped out African Slave Trade The Portuguese originally controlled areas along the Gold Coast of Africa for both trading ports on the passage to Asia and to dominate the gold trade During the 1600s, the Dutch began to move into Africa and seize Portuguese forts and trading posts The Dutch East India Company also set up a settlement/colony at the Cape of Good Hope African Slave Trade Slavery was not a new practice and had existed in various forms throughout the world At first, the Portuguese sent African slaves to Europe as domestic servants for the wealthy. The discovery of the New World and the planting of sugar cane led to the drastic expansion of the African slave trade Sugar cane plantations required a lot of workers and natives were dying quickly from diseases, which led to the demand for African slaves. African Slave Trade Over the next 200 years (1600-1800), the slave trade continued to grow and became a part of the triangular trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas and characterized the Atlantic economy African Slave Trade European merchant ships carried manufactured goods to Africa, where they were traded for slaves. Slaves were shipped to America and sold. Europeans then brought back raw materials (sugar, coffee, cotton) back to Europe and sold. Altogether, as many as 10 million African slaves were brought to the Americas. One reason for such a high number was the high death rate on the Middle Passage. African slaves were packed onto cargo ships without sanitary facilities or even room to stand on the voyage to America. About 10% of them died on the journey. African Slave Trade India Mughals- strong Indian rulers Competition among the Dutch, English & Portuguese in Indian trade By the 17th century (1800s), England dominated Indian trade. England remained the primary European power in India. The East India Trading Company-England Eventually, England would become an English colony China The Portuguese made the first direct trade contact with the Chinese in 1514 The Chinese emperor wasn’t concerned China was controlled by the Ming Dynasty at this time China Ming Dynasty Strong rulers Control had extended to Mongolia and central Asia Strengthened the Great Wall A major epidemic hit China and led to a peasant’s revolt that overthrew the Ming Dynasty The Manchus (from modern day Manchuria) then conquered China and established the Qing Dynasty China Qing Dynasty Strong, peaceful and flourishing China under Qing’s rule By the late 1700s, England dominated Chinese trade Mostly traded tea and silk Japan Portuguese were the first to establish trade with Japan Eventually, because of missionaries and the spread of Christianity, the Japanese ran all European traders out of Japan except the Dutch The Americas Spain and Portugal dominated the new world during the early periods (1500s & 1600s) The French, English, and Dutch saw their success and also wanted to profit in America The Americas West Indies English: Barbados, Jamaica, Bermuda French: Saint-Domingue (Haiti), Martinique, and Guadeloupe Plantation economies cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar The Americas North America Dutch were the first to settle in North America Henry Hudson: established New Netherland (New York) In 1664 England seized this from the Dutch and renamed it New York English began to establish colonies in North America 1st permeant English settlement was Jamestown Eventually the British established 13 American colonies along the Atlantic coast The Americas French Canada was claimed by the French Established the first settlement at Quebec in 1663 Traded furs, fish, and leather European Empires Time Period European Power(s) Destinations 15th – 16th centuries Spain Caribbean, mainland Central & South America 16th century Portugal Present-day Brazil 17th century England, France, the Netherlands Eastern coast of North America Impact of European Expansion Destruction of Native civilizations African slave trade Intermarrying of Europeans and natives creating new social orders Exchange of goods brought horses, cattle and guns to natives Catholicism brought by missionaries The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange = the enormous network, migration, trade, spread of disease, and transfer of plants of animals between Europe and the Americas The Columbian Exchange Positive Impact on Europe New information flooded into Europe Led to the Scientific Revolution Gained wealth from the colonies precious metals, natural resources, new food crops, slave labor, financial profits, colonial markets Led to the Industrial Revolution Colonies provided an outlet for Europe’s growing population Mercantilism Belief held by all European powers Mercantilism = governments served their countries’ economic interests best by exporting more than they import and by accumulating bullion Bullion = precious metals like silver and gold Roles of the colonies: 1) Supplied resources for European factories 2) Provided closed markets = they could only buy products from their “mother country” Types of Colonial Economies Settler-dominated commercial agriculture Slave-based plantations Ranching Mining Summary Reasons for Exploration Wealth Gold, natural resources (sugar), trade, labor (natives), land Competition Competition among European nations Christianity Spreading religion, cultural exchange Impact of Exploration Technology Scientific discovery, new plants and animals Columbian Exchange Access to new markets, goods, land and people Economic Wealth of nations and individuals. Also created new social order in the “New World”. New Global economy based on shipping Exploration in Popular Culture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFHym_W6vkE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBv3_0j0y_4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN6ef0ED9aI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDYrRgBqCB8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jttzj_sk1Q4