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March 10, 2014 Imagine that you have live in Florence, Italy immediately following the Black Death. You have survived, but many around you have not. Describe your environment. How do you feel? Please turn in your homework (Unit 4 Sneak Peak, #1-10) and signed Progress Report The onset of the Black Death, was described by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) Why did the Renaissance occur? The Renaissance The Italian Renaissance 1. The Italian Renaissance a. Causes i. Increased trade with Asia and other regions as a result of the Crusades ii. Growth of large, wealthy city-states in Italy iii. Renewed interest in the Classical learning of the Ancient Greece and Rome iv. Rise of rich and powerful merchants, who became patrons of the arts v. Increased desire for scientific and technical knowledge vi. Desire to beautify cities b. Humanism i. ii. Scholars began to think about the characteristics of a good education Rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin and Greek 1. Became known as the humanities and gave use to the movement known as humanism iii. Humanist emphasized individual accomplishment iv. 3 writers who contributed to the movement 1. 2. 3. Dante Alighieri Giovianni Boccacio Franceso Petrarch c. Secular Writers i. Focus was secular- they had a worldly rather than a spiritual focus ii. Baldassare Castiglione 1. Wrote “The Courtier” a. b. Describes how gentlemen and women should act during the Renaissance Book suggests 4 ideas i. ii. iii. iv. Speak of serious subjects as well as amusing ones Know Latin and Greek Well acquainted with poetry and history Be able to write prose as well as poetry iii. Niccolo Machiavelli 1. 2. 3. Was a political philosopher and statesman Experiences shaped his view on how governments should rule Wrote “The Prince” a. b. c. Encourages harsh treatment of citizens and rival states Advises rulers to separate moral from politics Insists a ruler must do whatever is necessary to maintain power d. Science i. Nicholas Copernicus 1. 2. 3. Challenges the church’s idea about nature Polish astronomer Suggested that the sun sat at the center of the universe, orbited by planets and stars ii. Galileo Galilei 1. Italian astronomer 2. Wrote that the earth orbited the sun 3. Placed under house arrest by church officials e. Patrons i. The Medici 1. 2. A wealthy, powerful family that ruled Florence and supported the arts Lorenzo de Medici a. Supported some of the most talented artist of the day 2. Italian Renaissance Artists a. Leonardo da Vinci i. Was a painter, writer, inventor, architect engineer, mathematician, musician, and philosopher ii. Two famous paintings 1. 2. The Mona Lisa The Last Supper iii. Recorded ideas for building armored tank of a flying machine iv. Sketches of the human anatomy v. Designed and built canals vi. Developed a machine to cut threads in screws v. Designed the first machine guns b. Michelangelo Buonarroti i. Two famous sculptures 1. Pieta a. 2. ii. Communicated themes of grief, love, acceptance and immorality David Sistine Chapel 1. Scenes from the Old Testament painted on the ceiling c. Raphael i. ii. Renowned painter and architect “The School of Athens” 1. 2. Is a fresco (a painting made on fresh moist, plaster) Shows Plato and Aristotle surrounded by philosophers from the past and present who were admired by the humanists d. Danoto Bramante i. Architect who designed St. Peter’s Basilica The Northern Renaissance 1. Northern Renaissance a. Hanseatic League i. A merchant organization that controlled trade throughout Northern Europe 1. ii. Helped ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread to the North Artists who fled from Italy also helped spread ideas b. Johannes Gutenburg i. Cast letters of the alphabet onto metal plates and locked plates into a wooden press ii. With this text could be printed on both sides of the paper iii. 1st publication was the Bible iv. Explosion of printed material quickly spread Renaissance ideas 2. Philosophers and Writings a. Erasmus i. Wrote about the need for a pure and simple Christian life, stripped of the rituals and politics of the church on earth ii. Advised the education of children iii. Works would fan the flames of the growing discontent with the Roman Catholic Church iv. Works were later censored and condemned by the Church b. Sir Thomas More i. ii. Wrote “Utopia” Contains both criticism of English government and society and a vision of a perfect society based on reason c. William Shakespeare i. ii. English playwright Inspired by ancient and contemporary works of literature iii. Plays helped spread ideas of the Renaissance to a mass audience d. Christine de Pisan i. ii. Italian writer Wrote “The City of Women” 1. She discusses different views of women and their role in society iii. Championed equality and education for women 3. Artists a. Albrecht Durer i. Used the Italian techniques of realism and perspective in his own work ii. Works exhibited features unique to the northern Renaissance 1. Painted in oils b. Jan van Eyck i. ii. Focused on landscapes and domestic life Fused the everyday with the religious through the use of symbolism in paintings 1. A single candle or the light streaming through a window are representations of God's presence Primary Source Analysis • Map and Medici letter Home Fun! • Read "Faces of History" on pages 442 of your textbook (or online textbook) • Answer the questions on DaVinci and Michelangelo • Due tomorrow March 12, 2014 • Complete the Sneak Peek #11 – 17 using pages 447 – 454 from your text. The Reformation The Protestant Reformation 1. The Protestant Reformation a. Dissatisfaction with the Church i. ii. Unhappy with taxes Disapproved Indulgences 1. 2. Approved by Pope Leo X Indulgences were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory iii. Disapproved other church practices iv. Growth of Nationalism 1. People became more loyal to their nation or state than to the church b. Early Reformers i. John Wycliffe 1. 2. Born in England around 1330 Believed the earth should give up earthly possessions ii. Jan Hus 1. Born in Southern Bohemia in 1370 2. Preached against the immortality and worldliness of the Catholic Church 3. Was excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII 4. Later arrested, tried for heresy and burned at the stake Page 450 2. Martin Luther a. Ninety-five Theses i. Luther denied that Indulgences had any power to remit sin ii. Criticized the power of the pope iii. Criticized the wealth of the Church 1. 2. 3. Theses was intended for church leaders Nailing them to the door was common practice Intended to stimulate discussion among the intellectuals b. Luther’s Message i. He contradicted basic Catholic belief when he insisted that God’s grace cannot be won by good works 1. ii. Believed all that was needed was faith Declared the only head of the Christian Church was Jesus Christ iii. Insisted that individual Christians should be their own interpreters of the scripture 1. To prove this point, translated the Bible into German iv. Christian practices should only come from the Bible c. Reactions to Luther i. ii. 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther 1521, Diet of Worms 1. 2. Summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor and the German Assembly Edict of Worms a. b. Declared Luther an outlaw and condemned his writings Did not prevent Luther’s ideas from spreading iii. 1530, Lutheranism was formally recognized branch of Christianity 3. Spread of Protestantism a. Ulrich Zwingli i. ii. Born in Switzerland Preached ideas similar to Luther, however his reforms went even further than Luther’s iii. Established a church based on the idea of a theocracy iv. Protestants and Catholics went to war over this v. Zwingli died in battle in 1531 b. John Calvin i. ii. Most important Protestant reformer, next Luther Preached the doctrine of predestination 1. Holds that God knows who will be saved before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined for salvation iii. Took root in Geneva, Switzerland; city became a theocracy iv. Calvinist viewed people as sinful by nature and enacted strict laws that regulated people’s behavior v. In Geneva church attendance was mandatory 4. Protestantism spreads to England a. A King’s Protest i. Henry VIII 1. 2. 3. Became king in 1509, at the age of 17 Was a devout Catholic 1525, he asked for an annulment a. b. 4. His wife, Catherine of Argon, had only produced one child, which was girl named Mary He did not believe she would have a son Pope would not agree to the annulment b. The Reformation Parliament i. ii. Henry summoned the Parliament Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under the authority of the pope iii. Henry VII became the head of the Church of England 1. He closed Catholic monasteries and convents and distributed land among the nobles iv. Henry married Anne Boleyn 1. Parliament declared that Henry’s marriage to Catherine null and void 2. Anne gave Henry another daughter named Elizabeth v. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534 1. This required subjects to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England” c. Henry’s Heirs i. He had a total of six wives ii. Third, wife Jane Seymore, gave Henry a male heir, his named, Edward VI iii. Edward VI 1. Took the throne in 1547 at the age of 9, died before the age of 16 iv. Mary 1. Henry’s first daughter, becomes Queen of England 2. Returned England to the authority of the pope 3. Earned the title, Bloody Mary, because of how many people she killed for their protestant beliefs d. Elizabeth’s Reign i. Elizabeth I 1. 2. 3. 1st act was the new Supremacy Act of 1559 Persecuted anyone who worshiped as Catholic Firmly established the Church of England Primary Source Analysis: 95 Theses • In your small group, read the 95 Theses. • Discuss the questions on the bottom. Each person will be the scribe for 2 questions. (The entire group will work on #9) Return Unit 3 Test March 13, 2014 1. How did England become a Protestant nation? 2. If Martin Luther had not posted his theses back in 1517, would the Reformation ever have happened? Take a position on this question and write a few sentences in support of that position. The Counter Reformation 1. Reforming the Catholic Church a. Early Reformers i. Girolano Savonarola 1. 2. 3. 4. He preached against the abuses of the church Called for churches to melt their gold and silver to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the Church Would eventually be excommunicated 1498- He was executed in Florence b. Jesuits i. Their work renewed the churches emphasis on spirituality and service ii. Their name means the Society of Jesus iii. Order was founded in 1534, by Ignatuis of Loyola 1. Approved by the pope in 1539 iv. Emphasized obedience to the church above all else v. Concentrated on education as a means to combat the Protestant Reformation 1. Established missions, schools, and universities c. The Council of Trent i. Convened by Pope Paul III in 1545 1. ii. Met off and on until 1563 Clarified Catholic teaching on important issues 1. 2. 3. 4. Addressed the corruption of the clergy Training of priests was regulated Financial abuse curbed Sales of indulgences abolished iii. Rejected emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith, made by the Protestants 1. Believed church could help believers achieve salvation by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith iv. Pronouncements of the Council of Trent meant that there would be no compromise between Protestants and Catholics d. Reforming Catholics i. Charles Barromeo 1. 2. Archbishop of Milan (1560-1584) Took action to implement reforms ordered by the council, i.e. built new schools for the education of priests ii. Francis of Sales 1. Regained the district of Savoy, that had turned to Calvinism 2. Founded a religious teaching order for women e. Women and the Church i. Women in religious orders began to take on more active roles in the Church ii. Teresa of Avila 1. 2. 3. 4. Became a nun at the age of 20 Had her own strict rules regarding fasting, prayers and sleep Founded the Carmelite orders Her reported visions of Christ and Catholic faith inspired many to remain Catholic f. The Inquisition i. Church court meant to counter the Reformation 1. Court was called the Roman Inquisition (1542) ii. Tried people accused on being Protestant iii. Spanish monarchs set up the Spanish Inquisition in 1478, it was much hasher than the Roman Inquisition 1. Imposed religious uniformity on converted Muslims, Jews and later Protestants iv. Index of Forbidden Books 1. A list of books that the Church warned people not to read 2. Religious and Social Effects a. Changes in Religion i. Catholicism spread elsewhere i.e. North America, this was due mostly to the Jesuits ii. Religious turmoil increased iii. Martin Luther’s theses opened the door to religious freedom b. Persecution and Hysteria i. ii. Both Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or leave Spain Jews moved into Southern and Eastern Europe 1. In some places Jews were forced to live in a particular part of the city called a ghetto iii. People feared witchcraft 1. 2. Accused people of practicing witchcraft Penalty was death c. Political Effects i. ii. Rising sense of national identity Protestant Reformation, indirectly encouraged the formation of independent states and nations 3. Religious Wars and Unrest a. Italian Wars i. 1527, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Rome ii. 1558, the Italian Wars ended iii. Significance 1. Credited with expanding the Italian Renaissance throughout Europe b. Conflicts among Germans i. 1524, tens of thousands of Germans stormed castles and monasteries 1. Known as the Peasant's Rebellion a. Were unhappy with high taxes and lack of power ii. 1546, Charles V began a war with the Lutheran Princes of Germany iii. War eventually waned and The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555 1. Allowed each prince to choose the religion that his subjects would practice c. Conflicts between Religions i. ii. Huguenots (French Protestants) fought against Catholics Henry of Navarre 1. 2. 3. He was a Huguenot When he became king, he brought stability to France by converting to Catholicism 1598, he issued the Edict of Nantes a. Granted religious freedom for Huguenots Renaissance and Reformation MVPs • Eye contact! • Stay focused • Classwork : take notes on the figures (will be collected)