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Answers to NCERT/CBSE Chemistry (Class XII)textbook
12.ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
12.1
What is meant by the following terms ? Give an example of the reaction in
each case.
(i)
Cyanohydrin :- Compounds having hydroxyl and cyano group on the same
carbon atom are called cyanohydrins. They are also called as gem
Hydroxynitriles.Eg:-
(ii) Acetal :- gem-dialkoxy compounds in which the two alkoxy groups are present
on the terminal carbon atoms are called acetals.Eg:-
(iii) Semicarbazone :- a semicarbazone is a derivative of an aldehyde or ketone formed by a
condensation reaction between a ketone or aldehyde and semicarbazide.Eg:For ketones:
H2NNHC(=O)NH2 + RC(=O)R → R2C=NNHC(=O)NH2
For aldehydes:
H2NNHC(=O)NH2 + RCHO → RCH=NNHC(=O)NH2
(iv) Aldol :- An aldol or aldol adduct is a beta-hydroxy ketone or aldehyde, and
is the product of aldol condensation, in which two molecules of aldehydes , or
two molecules of ketones or one molecule of aldehyde and one molecule of ketone
condense in the presence of aqueos sodium hydroxide to form aldol.
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(v) Hemiacetal :- compounds formed from aldehydes
hemiactals.Eg:-
and alcohols are called
(vi) Oxime :-Oximes are a class of compounds which are produced when a aldehyde
or a ketone reacts with hydroxylamine in a weakly acidic
medium.
(vii) Ketal :- Dialkoxyalkanes are called ketals. In Ketals , the two alkoxy
groups are present on the same carbon within the
chain.
(vii) Imine :- An imine is a functional group or chemical compound containing a
carbon–nitrogen double bond.
(ix) 2,4-DNP-derivative :- These derivatives are produced when an aldehyde or
ketone reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone in a wekly acidic
medium.
(x) Schiff’s base :- A Schiff base (or azomethine), is a functional group that
contains a carbon-nitrogen double bond with the nitrogen atom connected to an
aryl or alkyl group—but not hydrogen.
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