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JANUARY 10, 2017 TODAY IN 1642, ITALIAN ASTONOMER GALILEO DIED. Warm-up AP WH TEST PREP 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding a serfs life on a manor? (A) They owned a small piece of land on the manor (B) They could be bought and sold like slaves (C) All of the above (C) 2. Who is credited with establishing a standard for monastic life? (A) Clovis (B) Charlemagne (C) Known as the of patron saint, (C ) St. Benedict Nursia Benedict developed rules for his monks which became one of the most influential in Western Christendom 3.What characteristic did medieval European monasteries share with Buddhist monasteries and Muslim religious foundations? (A) All 3 worked with local decentralized government for support (B) B. All 3 required poverty, chastity, and obedience from their believers. (C) All three invaded, looted, and pillaged for their wealth Schedule 1. Warm-up: AP WH Mid-Term - Distribute Mid-Term Study Guide 2. Reading Quiz – Chapter 26 3. Two Column Notes- Ch14 “The Expansive Realm of Islam” 4. Diagnostic Review of Mid-Term 5. Homework: Be sure you view the Chapter 28 Lecture Notes and complete the Notes Packet - DUE: Wednesday January 13, 2017 ISLAM AP World History Notes Chapter 14 The Homeland of Islam ● Originated on the Arabian Peninsula ● Had long been inhabited by nomadic Arabs = the Bedouins ● Located along important trade routes → Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, etc. ● Gave rise to large commercial cities Arabia – Connections to the World ● Participation in long-distance trade ● Location between the Byzantine Empire (to the northwest) and the Persian Empire (to the northeast) ● Result = many Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians lived among the Arabs in Arabia ● Many of their monotheistic ideas began to influence the Arabs Bedouins ● Herded sheep and camels ● Lived in fiercely independent clans and kingship networks ● Often engaged in violent wars with each other ● Variety of gods and ancestor/nature spirits ● Valued personal bravery and group loyalty The Messenger ● Muhammad (570 – 632 CE) ● Born in Mecca ● From a Merchant family ● Both parents died by the time he was 6 ● As a young man he worked for a wealthy widow, Khadija, whom he later married ● Allowed him to interact with other religions ● At the age of 40 he had a profound religious experience (Similar to the Buddha and Jesus) ● Became convinced he was Allah’s messenger to the Arabs The Messenger ● Muhammad claimed to be the “seal of the prophets” ● Meant he was the last in a long line of prophets, including Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and others ● Said he had God’s FINAL revelation to humankind ● Wasn’t trying to start a new faith ● He organized his followers into a Umma, community of faithful Mecca ● Major commercial city ● Site of the Kaaba = most important religious shrine in Arabia ● ● Housed representations of about ● In 630 Muhammad and his 360 deities followers attacked and conquered Ruling tribe of Mecca were Mecca destroying Pegan shrines threatened by Muhammad's views of greed as wickedness. ● Followers called their new home ● Many gained wealth by taxing Medina; known as the Hijra travelers to Mecca. ● ● Pressure became so great that The ruling elite began to persecute Muhammad and his followers. Muhammad & his followers fled The Quran ● Muhammad’s revelations began in 610 CE and continued for the next 22 years ● Recorded in the Quran = the sacred scriptures of Islam ● Five Pillars of Islam ● Acknowledge Allah and Muhammad ● Pray to Allah facing Mecca (daily) ● Must fast, daylight, during Ramadan ● Contribute Alms for relief ● Must take a Hajj to Mecca Changing Status of Women Qu’ran improves status of women ●Outlawed female infanticide ●Brides, not husbands, claim dowries ●Yet male dominance preserved ●Patrilineal descent ●Polygamy permitted ●Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice ● The Message: The 6th Pillar ● Jihad = “struggle” ● “Greater jihad” = interior personal effort to avoid greed and selfishness, and to strive toward living a God-conscious life ● “Lesser versus jihad” = “jihad of the sword” = belief that the Quran authorized armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil ● In order to: establish Muslim rule and defend the umma from the threats of infidel aggressors The Islamic Community ● Muhammad = both religious and political leader; also led the military ● Islamic community expanded throughout Arabia by: ● ● Military conquest ● Marriage alliances with leading tribes ● Voluntary conversion By 632 (time of Muhammad’s death), most of Arabia was under Islamic control THE ARAB EMPIRE AP World History Notes Chapter 14 War and Conquest ● 650s = Arab forces defeated the Persian Empire and took over about half of Byzantium’s territories ● Early 700s = Arab forces swept through North Africa, conquered Spain, and attacked southern France ● Early 700s = Arab forces reached the Indus River and took over some major oases towns in Central Asia The Arab Empire ● Stretched from Spain to India ● Extended to areas in Europe, Asia, and Africa ● Encompassed all or part of the following civilizations: ● Egyptian, Roman/Byzantine, Persian, Mesopotamian, and Indian Widespread Conversion to Islam – WHY? ● Not such a dramatic change for many Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians ● Already familiar with ideas of: monotheism, heaven, hell, final judgment, divine revelation, fasting, ritual prayer, etc. ● Wealth and prestige of Arab Empire attracted people ● ● Successful conquest called into question the power of old gods; perhaps Allah really is all-powerful Many incentives for converting Ex: Didn’t have to pay jizya = tax on non-Muslims Ex: Could hold official positions; social mobility Divisions and Controversies ● ● ● Because Muhammad was the “seal of the prophets,” it was inconceivable that another could succeed him. ● However, Abu Bakr was chosen as Caliph “deputy” ● He was Not a prophet, instead a lieutenant ● Close companions of Muhammad Division surfaced almost immediately ● During the first 4 decades the most powerful clans Shia = Supported Ali as Caliph. He ● Sunnis = traditionalists chose the Caliph was assassinated. The “Party” was ● Disagreements over succession lead to organized to return the Caliphate Shia vs. Sunni Muslims Abu Bakr to the line of Ali The 1st Rightly Guided Caliph Shia vs. Sunni ● Believe the 4 caliph, Ali, is the rightful leader of Islam ● Believe that the leader of the Islamic community should be a blood descendant/relative of Muhammad ● Religious authority comes from the larger Islamic community; particularly ulama = religious scholars ● “Traditionalists” Islamic Caliphs ● ● As the Arab Empire grew, caliphs were transformed from modest Arab chiefs into absolute monarchs ● Elaborate court rituals ● Complex bureaucracy ● Standing army 2 dynasties came in control during this time = Umayyad dynasty and Abbasid dynasty Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750) ● Temporarily solved the problem of succession ● Empire’s capital moved from Medina Byzantine city of Damascus in Syria ● Administrative Problem = elite favored military aristocracy. They were the only ones who could become governors. Also, all wealth from conquered lands was given only to them The Dome of the Rock Built in Jerusalem in 691 CE Built by Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750) ● Administrative policy contributed to high morale for privileged class and angered many conquered ethnic and religious groups. ● ● They allowed conquered groups to continue their religion, but they had to pay a special tax called jizya – those who didn’t convert to Islam Overthrown because: ● Non-Arabs resented their status as second-class citizens ● Shia Muslims believed Umayyad caliphs were illegitimate ● Many Arabs protested the luxurious living of their rulers The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims ●Seizes control of the Levant, Persia and Mesopotamia ●Baghdad ●Defeats Umayyad army in 750 ●Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them ●Only Spain remains Umayyad ●North Africa is disputed territory, ultimately Fatamid and later Ayyubid under Saladin. ● And no, we can’t watch Aladdin OR Mulan in class. Abbasid Dynasty (750 – 1258) ● Built up a new capital for the empire in Baghdad ● Non-Arabs ● Did ● not rule as a conquering society Persian culture became the culture of Islamic elites ● Political ● ● now played a prominent role unity = didn’t last long By the mid-800s = many local governors asserted autonomy over their regions Islamic world fractured into multiple “sultanates” ● Dynasty ended when conquered by the Mongols Technology Projects Banking – Sakk Paper Manufacotring Crop Rotation / Feteralization Indigo / Henna Camel Saddle Mosque / Shrine Triangular Sail Women and Men in Early Islam ● According to interpretations of the Quran made by Muslim scholars: ● ● ● Spiritually → men and women are equal Socially (especially in marriage) → women are inferior to men and should obey them The Quran provided a mix of rights, restrictions, and protections for women. Women and Men in Early Islam ● Examples of rights & protection for women within the Quran include: ● Rights to dowries and some inheritances ● Control over their own property ● Marriage = must be consensual ● Women could divorce men; especially if they weren’t pleased in the bedroom Growing Restrictions ● Occurred during the Abbasid dynasty ● Arab Empire grew in size, wealth, and splendor ● Result = role of women became more limited ● Applied to upper-class women ● Lower-class women = didn’t have servants; had to leave the house for shopping or work ● These restrictions stemmed from the traditions and cultures within the Arab Empire; NOT the Quran itself Examples of the Growing Restrictions ● Women now expected to pray at home instead of in public mosques ● Veiling and seclusion of women became standard practice ● Separate living quarters in wealthy homes for women ● “Honor killing” = women killed by male relatives if they violated a sexual taboo ● Clitorectomy = female genital cutting Sufis ● Most effective missionaries ● Worked to deepen spiritual awareness: devoted to helping poor, lived as beggers, singing, and dancing ● Were able to attract many religious convert in areas previously attracted to Christianity and Buddhism Schedule 1. SAQ’s: (a) After the death of the Seal of Prophets; explain the unity and disunity that occurred in the Islamic World. (b) Rule of Three: How did Islam impact Europe from 600-1450?