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____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ WORLD HISTORY AND CIVILIZATIONS - Unit 1- Prehistory to AD 900 After this class you will be able to… synthesize how Rome went from becoming a city-state to an empire by simulating the Greek leaders’ decisions to expand their territory Expectations 1. Sit quickly and silently 2. Put only what is listed on your desk. Everything else goes underneath your desk. 3. Fill in the proper heading. 4. Silently work on the Do Now. 5. If everyone does this, you will receive an extra link Timeline: Do Now (15 min) I DO What are the Facts? (10 min) WE DO/YOU DO Recreate the Story (25 min) Homework (1 min) Exit Pass (2 min) On Your Desk - This Learning Ladder -Your Book - Writing utensils (pens or pencils) - Planner Homework: (1) In at least 2 paragraphs (4 sentences each), describe the beginnings of Rome by explaining the differences between its mythological and historical beginnings DO NOW: Please read the following story silently and by yourself. Underline or circle any important information as you find it. If you finish early, please write a 2 paragraph summary of this information on your own paper: The End of a Republic and the Beginning of an Empire Julius Caesar was born in 100 BC to Aurelia and Gaius Julius Caesar, a patrian family. The name "Julius" comes from Iulius, the family name. This comes from Iulus, the name of Venus' son. At the time of his birth, Rome was still a republic and the empire was only beginning. The senators ruled, motivated by the greed of power in the hope of becoming either a consul or a praetor, the two senior posts which carried imperium, the legal right to command an army. With the help of the army at your command, from those posts it was possible to conquer new territories and so gain a triumph and the pleasure of knowing that your name would be remembered forever in statues and inscribed in monuments, paid for by the war. Julius made his way to commandership by 62 BC and many of the senate felt he was a dangerous, ambitious man. Because of this, they deprived him of a higher title after he commanded troops in Spain somewhere between 61-60 BC. He finally reached the higher level of consul in 59 BC. Much of the thanks for this achievement should be given to Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius) who had just come back from a campaign which had doubled the income of the Roman treasury and gained three new provinces to the empire. Although because of Pompey, it was difficult to become a leading person in Roman politics. You had to have more than just an ordinary triumph. It was because of this that during Julius’ consulship he pushed through a special law giving him a five-year command in Cispine Gaul and Illyricum, both provinces in the empire covering North Italy and the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia. Julius saw this as a great opportunity to extend the empire either into Gaul (France and Germany) or into the Balkins (eastern Europe). While in Gaul, the most important section of the Roman Army, positioned at the German border, was under his control. He was a brilliant military leader and lead many campaigns, which included The Helvetic Campaign in 58 BC, The Belgic Campaign in 57 BC, The Venetic Campaign in 56 BC, and many others. The whole point of these campaigns was to get high public and political acclaim. He wrote about all the campaigns and sent the books to Rome so people knew and remembered his name. Aside from being a "brilliant military leader," Julius believed Rome needed him alive and in command, if peace was to continue. While in pursuit of Pompey, Julius fell in love with Cleopatra, who happened to be Pompey the Great’s sister. Julius and Cleopatra met by a dramatic introduction that Cleopatra had set up. She wrapped herself in a carpet and was delivered by a friend to Julius, and unrolled at his feet. Her intelligence, charm, and wit were what fascinated Julius. With Julius' support, Cleopatra position as queen of Egypt was secured. Julius had all the fame he could hope for and the triumph to back it up, but to get the position he felt his achievements deserved, he had to take his troops across the River Rubicon and in doing so declare civil war on the state and Pompey the Great. Pompey, the person who had helped Julius get to where he was, went to stop him but failed. Pompey fled to Egypt while Julius entered Rome in triumph as Dictator. The battle for Rome 2 continued for five years of bloody fighting. Eventually he forced the Roman Senate (a group of men who advised the ruler) to declare him a true dictator. Some of the senators were scared that he was going to dissolve the Senate. These 60 men, led by Senators Cassius and Brutus, planned a conspiracy to assassinate Caesar. The conspiracy became true when the senators put their plan into action, stabbing Caesar in the back while he was giving a speech on the Senate floor. This happened in 44 BC. Julius had convened the senate so that it would grant him the authority to be known as king in the lands outside of Rome, but the assassination took place before Julius could claim the new title for himself. The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman Republic. The Roman lower classes, with whom Caesar was popular, became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had sacrificed Caesar. Mark Antony, a friend of Caesar’s worked with Caesar’s grandnephew, Gaius Octavian to keep Brutus and Cassius from taking over Rome. In order to do that, however, he need to get a army. On November 27, 43 BC, the Second Triumvirate was officially formed, composed of Antony, Octavian, and Caesar's other friend, Lepidus. A second civil war began between the Second Triumvirate and Brutus/Cassius. Antony and Octavius defeated them at Philippi. Antony, Julius’ friend and fellow commander, met Cleopatra in 41 B.C after Julius’ assassination. At first, Antony wanted Cleopatra’s money but quickly fell in love with her and his intentions changed completely. Antony and Cleopatra eventually married and had children, and they were each given Roman provinces to rule. Unfortunately, a third civil war broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war, ending in Antony and Cleopatra’s defeat at Actium, resulted in the rule of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name Caesar Augustus, a name that raised him to status of a god. 3 I DO What Are The Facts? On the lines below, please write out the facts (the history) of the story. You do not have to use full sentences. Matter of fact, I would suggest using bullet points: _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 4 WE DO/YOU DO Recreate the Story: With your group, your job is to recreate the story of Julius Caesar, Antony, Cleopatra, and Octavian. You can recreate it in any of the following ways: Picture Book 4-minute skit 3-minute rap/song Timeline (with pictures and descriptions) Something Else (approved by Ms. Goings) Your skits and raps will be presented to the class tomorrow, so you have the rest of the day to practice and prepare. EXIT PASS: As you leave, please tell Ms. Goings your favorite part about Rome’s switch from republic to empire 5 6 ____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ The Creation of the Roman Empire HOMEWORK: Please summarize the role that Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, Octavius, Cleopatra, and other Roman rulers had in the creation of the Roman empire at least 2 paragraphs (at least 4 sentences each): ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7