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Rome - Intro
CHW3M
Ms. Gluskin
York Mills CI
A Practical and Monumental
Civilization
Public toilets
at Ostia, 40
BCE
Affordable Housing Institute: US. The Economics of Water: Part
5 – Roman Municipal Finance. 2012.
http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2008/04/theeconomics-of-water-part-5-roman-municipal-finance.html (March
29, 2012).
Arena in Pompeii
Nappo Salvatore Ciro, A Pompeii: Its discovery and preservation, BBC History,
2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/pompeii_rediscovery_01.shtml
(Oct. 26, 2015).
Familiar To Many People…
Colosseum, amphitheatre in
Rome
Keith Hopkins, The Colosseum: Emblem of Rome, BBC History, 2011,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/colosseum_01.shtml (April 1,
2013).
Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain
PBS, Building Big, Tunnel Basics, Ancient Roman Aqueduct, 2001,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/tunnel/aqueduct.html (April 1,
2013).
Timeline of Republic
700s BCE – Etruscan civilization
753 BCE – Founding of Rome
Monarchy (some of the kings were
Etruscan and had a bad reputation)
509 BCE – Roman Republic begins
Republic = form of government with
no monarchy
Timeline of Empire
81-80 BCE - Pompeii comes under full Roman
control
79 CE - Pompeii is destroyed
44 BCE – End of Republic – beginning of
Empire
476 CE – End of the empire in the west
1453 – End of the empire in the east
Republic = Res publica (public affair)
44 BCE: Rome at
the end of the
Republic
Romulus and
Remus, legendary
founders of Rome
About.com. Legendary Rome Timeline. 2012.
http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/romehistory/tp/Legendar
y-Rome-Timeline.htm (March 29, 2012).
Metropolitan Museum. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Roman Republic.
2000. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/romr/hd_romr.htm (March 29, 2012).
Theme #1: Growth & Expansion
Expansion
began from
the city of
Rome (red
dot) circa
500 BCE
and
extended to
the purple,
pink and
yellow
areas by the
end of the
republic (44
BCE)
W.W. Norton Publishing, Ralph's World Civilizations Chapter 9, 1997,
Geographic Features That Affected
Rome’s Development
Physical
map of
Europe
Free Maps of the World. Physical Map of Europe. N.d.,
http://www.freeworldmaps.net/europe/index.html (April
2, 2012).
Orientation Toward the Sea
Trade, navy
 Therefore:


Eventually Rome was able to dominate the
Mediterranean.
No Internal Physical Barriers
There were mountains but they didn’t
divide like in Greece
 Therefore:


There was more unified than Greece after
the Romans (a tribe) began expanding and
conquering other territories.
Agriculture
Very fertile soil (due to volcanic ash)
 But population growth meant that there
still wasn’t enough land



Need to import grain from Sicily and Egypt
Therefore:

Romans needed to conquer more territory in
order to expand (military)

Carthage a potential enemy
The Alps
These mountains separated Rome from
the rest of Europe
 Po River was seen as a border dividing
civilized Rome from northern
“barbarians”
 Therefore:

Rome felt protected by these mountains,
possibly superior
 There were invasions, however

Alps
Hannibal crossing
the Alps
Alps
Archaeology Photoblog. Hannibal In the Alps. Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project: 1994-2006.
http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/archaeolog/2006/04/hannibal_in_the_alps_stanford_1.html (March 29, 2012).
Theme #2: Romanization
Romanization = spread of Roman values and
culture
Roman bath in
Bath, England.
In Pompeii
Romanization was
achieved by the
Romans settling
veterans and their
families there.
Bath and Northeast Somerset Council, The Roman Baths, Bath, N.d. http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/
(March 30, 2013).
Theme #3: Importance of
Citizenship
Privileges of citizenship – see pages 176177 in textbook
Ruins of the
Pompeii Forum,
where citizens
came to meet
John J. Dobbins, The Forum at Pompeii, 2006, http://pompeii.virginia.edu/forummap.html (Oct. 26, 2015)
Privileges of Roman Citizenship
Protected in law from random power of
magistrates
 Child of father citizen is citizen (if…)
 Less taxes, no tribute payment
 Slave freed by citizen is citizen (if…)

Theme #4: Struggle of the Orders –
Patricians vs. Plebeians

The Twelve Tables (law code from the 400s BCE)
 Table XI.1. Marriages should not take place
between plebeians and patricians.
 [Later
struck down.]
Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1901), Vol.
III: The Roman World, pp. 9-11. In Paul Halsall, Ancient History Sourcebook: The Roman Republic: The Twelve
Tables http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/12tables.html (June 1998), August 10, 2002
Theme #5: Complicated Form of
Government in Republic

Elements of monarchy – but they hate
kings {rex=king}


Elements of aristocracy – but not 100%
pure power for patricians


[2 Consuls and other magistrates]
[Senate]
Elements of democracy – but not direct
democracy like in Athens

[committees and tribunes]
Balanced Government?
2 Consuls +
other
magistrates
Monarchical
Committees
Councils,
Tribunes
Aristocratic
Democratic
Magistrates (gov’t officials)

Magistrates want to climb the Cursus
Honorum
Census and censorship
Army
Justice, relations between
Romans and non-Romans
Roads, water, etc.
Censors
Consuls
Praetors
Aediles
Quaestors
Financial matters
Why is dictator not on the cursus honorum?
Theme #6: Roman State
Religion
The concrete dome of the
Pantheon, a temple originally
built to honour all of the Roman
gods. Later it was turned into a
Christian Church.
Emperor Augustus
dressed as a
Roman priest
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ritualistic, polytheistic religion
People wanted the gods’ approval
Priests (pontiffs)
Sacrifices
Taking of auspices (reading the liver of birds to predict the future)
Watching the direction birds flew
McGill Architecture, Pantheon Rome, 2005, http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/abc-structures-2005/Lectures-2005/termwork/50-questions/sixth-five.html (March 30, 2013); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery, 2011,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/roman_religion_gallery_04.shtml (Oct. 30, 2015).
Household Gods
A family shrine to the “lares” (household
gods and spirits) found in a Pompeii house
C.N. Trueman, Ancient Rome and Religion, History Learning Site, March 16, 2015,
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ancient-rome/ancient-rome-and-religion/ (Oct. 26, 2015)
Cross-cultural Religion
Egyptian Horus in
Roman military
clothing
Reconstruction of Aque Sulis bath in Bath,
England, where Roman Britons worshipped
not only Roman goddess Minerva but also
Celtic god Sulis - therefore Sulis-Minerva.
British Museum, Highlights: Egyptian god horus sculpture, N.d.,
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/l/egyptian_god_horus_sculpture.aspx
(Oct. 30, 2015); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery – Religion in the Roman Provinces, 2011,
Gods from Elsewhere – Mystery
Cults
Persian god Mithras,
“emissary of light”, popular
in the first two centuries CE
with soldiers and low
government officials
The Romans, Religion: Under the Empire, N.d., http://www.the-romans.co.uk/cults.htm (Oct. 30, 2015); Nigel Pollard, BBC
History: Roman Religion Gallery, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/roman_religion_gallery_07.shtml (Oct.
30, 2015); Wikipedia, Isis, Oct. 29, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis (Oct. 30, 2015).
Homework Day 1:

Take notes on 172-176:
Importance of Gauls, Sicily and southern
Spain
 Carthaginians, Hannibal
 Scipio Africanus
 Addition of eastern territory
 Coloniae
 Via Appia

Homework Takeup: 172-176
Name two societies that at one point
defeated the Romans.
 Name two societies the Romans
defeated.
 What was the importance of coloniae to
the Romans?
 How did roads help Romanize the Italian
peninsula?

Social Customs

Roman Social Customs

Beliefs:
Superstitious
 Greeks and Etruscans, added their own
 Auspices, military, elections, gods
 Astrology, zodiac
 Pontifex Maximus, calendar
 Animal sacrifices

Family Life and Morality

Family Life and Morality:
Family
 Paterfamilias, household, wife, children,
slaves
 Potestas
 Property
 Adoption
 Love
 Recognized

Education

Education
Together
 Latin
 Home, in public
 16,
 Forum
 No education
 Girls
