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Class Note Packet: Atomic Theory Main Idea The Structure of the Atom CFQ Details Standards: highlight in your packet Is nuclear power right for Social Circle? Pre thoughts1. What do you know about nuclear power? 2. How could you find information about nuclear power? 3. What do you expect to learn about nuclear power? 4. How could you apply what you learn? Seeds Lab History Greek Philosophers CFQ handout See handout- Hypothesis: What do you think will happen to radiated seeds? Many ancient scholars believed that matter was composed of such things as ______, _______, _____ and _______. Many believed that matter could be endlessly divided into ________ and ____________ pieces. _________________________ (460bc-370bc) was the first person to propose the idea that ___________ was not infinitely ________ but made up of individual _________ called __________. From which the English word ________ is derived. ___________ views went unchanged for _________ years until science developed methods to test the validity of his ideas. Democritus ideas: * matter is composed of ________ which move through _________ space John Dalton Dalton’s Atomic Theory Section Check Defining the atom The Atom The Electron ________ are solid ________________________ indestructible and _________________________ Different kinds of atoms have different sizes and shapes Size, shape and _________________ of atoms determine the ______________________ of matter. Aristotle ideas: * _______________ space cannot exist. Matter is made of ________, fire, ____ and _________ Revived the idea of the atom in the early _________ based on numerous ___________________ ________________. Dalton’s Atomic Theory easily explained __________________________ of mass in a reaction as the result of the ______________________, separation, or _________________________ of atoms. _________________________ is composed of extremely small particles called ____________ Atoms are _________________ and __________________ Atoms of a given _______ are identical in size, ________ and ____________________ properties Atoms of a specific _______________ are different from those of another ___________. Different atoms _______________ in simple ____________ number _________ to form _________________. In a chemical _________________ atoms are __________________, ______________________ or _________________________________ Who was the first person to propose the idea that matter was not infinitely divisible? Answer: __________________________________ Dalton’s theory also conveniently explained what? Answer: ____________________________________________________________ Vocab: On a separate sheet to paper draw a model of what you think an atom looks like. What word is not part of an atom? _____________________ Vocab: KAHOOT! Atom Cathode Ray Electron Nucleus Proton Neutron The ___________________ particle of an element that retains the properties of the element is called an ___________. An instrument called the ______________________ tunneling __________ (_____) allows individual atoms to be seen When an electric charge is applied, a ray of ________________________ travels from the _______________ to the ________________ called a _____________ ray Cathode rays are a stream of particles carrying a _____________________ charge The particles carrying a negative charge are known as ____________________ Picture: _____ _________________ measured the effects of both ________________ and ____________ fields on the cathode ray to determine the charge to _________ ratio of a charged particle then _____________ it to known values. The mass of the charged particle was much _________ than a _______________ atom then the lightest known atom. Thompson received the Noble Prize in 1906 for ____________________ the first subatomic particle the ______________________. In the early 1910’s Robert _________ used the ______ drop apparatus to determine the charge of an _____________________ Picture: Charges change in discrete amounts- 1.602x10x19 now equated to a single unit 1With the electron’s charge and charge to mass ratio know. Millikan calculated the mass of a single electron Mass of an electron = 9.1 x 10-28 g = 1/1840 the mass of a hydrogen atom Matter is _________. You know that matter is ________ from everyday experiences. You do not received an electric shock (expect under certain conditions) when you touch an object. If electrons are negative then how is matter which is made of electrons neutral? Answer: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ________________ J.J Thompson proposed a meld of the atom to answer this question. _____________ ____________ model of the atom states that the atom is a ____________, _______________charged sphere containing _____________________. Picture: The shape of things How can the shape of an object be determined without actually seeing it with your eyes? The Nucleus Rutherford concluded James Chadwick Timeline Worksheet The Nucleus Shape of things hand out. In 1911 Ernest __________________________ studied how ____________ charged alpha particles interacted with solid matter By aiming the particles at thin sheet of __________ foil _______________________expected the paths of the alpha particles to be only slightly altered by a collision with the electron. Although most of the alpha particles went through the gold foil a few of them ________________ back, some at large angles. That atoms are mostly _____________ space. Almost all of the atom’s ______________charge and almost all of its __________ is contained in a dense region in the center of the atom called the _______________________. ___________________ are held within the atom by their attraction to the ______________________ charged ___________________. The repulsive force between the positively charged ____________ and the positive alpha particles caused the deflections. Rutherford refined the model to include the positively charged particles in the nucleus called ______________________ Received the Nobel Prize in 1935 for discovering the existence of ________________, __________________ particles in the nucleus which accounts for the remainder of an atom’s ______________. Do and attach Summary: All atoms…………. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Does it match? Yes or No Fill in chart Properties of Subatomic Particles Particle Symbol Location Charge Relative Actual mass mass (amu) (g) Scientists have determined that protons and neutrons are composed of subatomic particles called ______________ Scientists do not yet understand if or how quarks affect chemical behavior. Chemical behavior can be explained by considering only an atom’s ____________________. Section Check and practice worksheet Atoms are mostly___________? Answer: _____________________________ What are the two fundamental subatomic particles found in the nucleus? Answer: _____________________________ How atoms Vocab charts: differ Atomic number Isotopes Mass number Atomic mass unit (amu) Atomic mass Atomic Number Each ____________________ contains a unique _______________ charge in their __________________. The number of __________________ in the nucleus of an atom identifies the element and is known as the element’s _____________________ __________________ Draw diagram: Isotopes and Mass Number Practice worksheet. All atoms of a particular element have the same number of __________ and ________________ but the number of ____________________ in the nucleus can differ. Atoms with the same number of ______________ but different numbers of _________________________ are called _______________________. Notation: Isotopes and Mass Number Draw and practice problems. In nature most elements are found as mixtures of ______________. Usually the relative abundance of each ______________ is constant. Example. Mass number Isotopes containing more neutrons have a greater _____________ Isotopes of an atom have the same ____________________ behavior. The mass number is the _____________ of _______________ and ________________ in the nucleus. More on practice sheet- what else can you fill in?????? Mass of atoms One ________________ ________ ______ (amu) is defined as 1/12th of the mass of a _____________-12 atom One ________ is nearly, but not exactly, equal to one ___________ and one ____________________. What’s in the bag? Section check Vocab Kahoot! The _______________________ mass of an element is the weighted ____________________ mass of the isotopes of that element Isotope in a bag activity- attach sheet An unknown element has 19 protons, 19 electrons, and 3 isotopes with 20.21 and 22 neutrons. What is the element’s atomic number? Answer: How do you know?______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Elements with the same number of protons and differing numbers of neutrons are known as what? Answer: ____________________________________ Find the definitions of following words and get ready to Kahoot it up. Radioactivity ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Radiation ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Nuclear reaction ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Radioactive decay ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Alpha radiation ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Alpha particle ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Half life ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Nuclear equation ______________________________________________________________________ Unstable nuclei and radioactive decay Radioactive decay Alpha radiation Alpha equation ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Beta radiation ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Beta particle ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Fusion ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Fission ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Gamma rays ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Radioactivity: _________________ reactions can change one ____________________ into another ___________________. In the late 1890’s, scientists noticed some substances _________________________ emitted radiation, a process they called __________________________. The rays and particles emitted are called __________________________. A reaction that involves a change in an atom’s nucleus is called a ___________________ reaction. ________________ nuclei lose _________ by emitting radiation in a spontaneous process called radioactive ____________. Unstable radioactive elements undergo radioactive decay thus forming ______________ nonradioactive ________________. Is made up of ___________________ charge particles called _______________ particles Each alpha particle contains ______ protons and ______ neutrons and has a _______ charge. The figure below is a nuclear ________________ showing the radioactive decay of radium- 226 to radon 222. Write equation: What does the 226 represent? ___________________________________________ What does the 88 represent? _____________________________________________ What do you notice about the numbers in the reactants and products? Beta equation ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ An alpha particle is equivalent to a ___________________ nucleus and is represented by ___________ or ___________ thus showing mass is conserved in a nuclear equation. Summary: Symbol? ______________ What happens? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Bata radiation is radiation that has a ___________________ charge and emits ________ particles. Each _________ particle is an electron with a ______ charge. Write the equation here: What do you notice about the numbers in this equation? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ During beta decay a ___________________ is converted to a ____________ and __________ The _______________ is emitted and the proton stays in the nucleus. Where does this equation show this conversion? Prove it with numbers. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Radioactive decay picture Gamma Equation Fill in chart How do they know? Explain the picture: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Gamma rays are high - ______________ radiation with no ______ and are ________________ They usually accompany _____________ and _________ radiation. Write equation: Gamma rays account for most of the _______________ lost during radioactive decay. Explain all of the symbols and numbers for the gamma equation. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Because gamma rays are __________________m the emission of gamma rays by themselves cannot result in the formation of a _________ __________. Fill in the following chart. Characteristics of Radiation Alpha Did you know! Practice worksheet. Decay- WHY??? Half Lifetwizzler lab Accelerated Chem Fusion Beta Gamma Symbol Mass (amu) Mass (kg) charge Alpha: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Beta__________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Gamma________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Decay practice worksheet! Attach Atoms that contain too many or two few __________________ are _____________ and lose _______________ through radioactive decay to form a stable nucleus. Few exist in nature- most have already decayed to stable forms. Radioactive decay happens in certain periods of time called _______ ________. Half life is like shopping because ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Twizzler lab Webpage Is responsible for all elements heavier than __________________ What is hydrogen’s atomic number? ______ What does that mean? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ How are elements heavier than that built? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ How? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Because….. *Fusion is the ___________________ of ______ in a ________ energy nuclear reaction. * Fusion produces ___________ amounts of _______________ *Fusion happens on the ________ Draw it. Fission CFQ worktime Why would this word fit a nuclear bomb or nuclear power plant? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Because…… Fission is a ______________ of an atoms ________________ Fission ________________ large amounts of ________ but not as much as fusion Fission is used for ___________ and _____________power plants because it is ____________________, releases large amounts of __________________ and DOESN’T create __________ ____________ in power plants. Watch the two quick videos about nuclear power. Rotate to the stations in the room to fill out the chart about alternative fuel sources. Fill in the chart for information to defend your CFQ argument. Main idea Info to use to defend and how will it be used? Cite sources Section Check Chapter assessment TEST - A reaction that changes one element into another in the nucleus of an atom is called what? Answer : _____________________________________________ Why are radioactive elements rare in nature? Answer: _______________________________________________________________ Finish filling in all review sheets and worksheets. Good Luck!
