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MASTER GLOSSARY AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, a method of analysis. Acid digestion Refers to an assay technique in which the sample is dissolved in strong acid prior to analysis of its metal content. Acid Adamellite Can be used as a general description of rock mineralogy and chemistry – similar to felsic. An intrusive igneous rock. Adit A horizontal opening into a mine, started from a hillside. Aeromagnetic Refers to measurement of magnetic qualities of rocks using a aeroplane-mounted instrument. Agglomerate A rock composed of coarse angular fragments usually of volcanic origin. Airleg A hand held compressed air operated rock drill. When used in conjunction with mining method terms, refers to that type of mining using air leg equipment. Airleg stoping Method of breaking ore using a hand-held rockdrill. Albite A variety of plagioclase (felspar). Alluvial, alluvium Usually unconsolidated, transported sediment. Alluvial gold Gold transported and deposited by river action, and mined from the river sediments. Altered, alteration Referring to physical or chemical change in a rock or mineral subsequent to its formation. Alunite A hydrated sulphate of aluminium and potassium. Amalgamation A process of gold recovery in which finely divided ore is passed over mercury to form a gold amalgam. Amphibolite A rock of medium metamorphic grade rich in the iron and magnesium silicate minerals called amphibole. Amygdaloidal Volcanic rock containing cavities formed from gases in the lavas. Andesite A volcanic rock of intermediate chemical composition. Anhydrite Calcium sulphate. Ankerite A calcium magnesium iron carbonate mineral. Anomaly Zone or point in the soil or underlying rock determined by exploration methods to be different from its general surroundings. Anticline, antiformal A part of a fold system forming an arch i.e. convex upwards. Antimony A metallic element, often a pathfinder element for gold. Aranaceous Describes detrital sedimentary rocks, particularly sandstones, with a particle size from 1/16 mm to 2 mm. Archaean A geological time era, older than 2400 million years. Arenites Sandstone like sedimentary rocks. Argillic (alteration) Refers to the conversion of pre-existing minerals to clay minerals (see hydrothermal alteration). Argillite Sedimentary rock with a sandy texture. Arkose A sandstone dominated by grains of feldspar. Arsenopyrite An arsenic iron sulphide mineral. Assay Test to determine the content of various chemical elements in a sample. Assymetric fold A fold in which the axial plane is inclined. Auger drilling An exploration drill which recovers samples using a screw-like action. Aureole Zone around body of intrusive rock where country rocks have been altered by heating. Auriferous Gold bearing. 769847523 1 Autogenous Mill A mill in which the rock is broken by the interaction of fragments of that rock; no external media is used. Autunite Hydrous phosphate of uranium and calcium mineral. Axial plane A plane which intersects a fold such that both sides of the fold are more or less symmetrical with reference to the plane. Axial trace Projection of the fold axis to the surface. Azurite Copper carbonate mineral. Backfill Material used to fill mined-out stope voids. Bacterial leaching See bio oxidation Ball Mill A rotating cylindrical mill using iron balls to reduce broken ore to powder to assist the release of constituent minerals. Banded Iron Formation ("bif") A chemical sediment with alternating iron rich and silica rich layers. Basalt A fine-grained basic volcanic rock. Base Metal Non precious metal, usually refers to copper, lead, zinc. Basement Generally refers to the older cratonic rocks below the sedimentary basins. Basic Used to describe igneous rocks of low silica content (usually 45-55% SiO2) whose dominant mineral constituents are iron and magnesium silicates. See also mafic. Batholith A large, generally discordant plutonic mass that has more than 40sq mi of surface exposure and no know floor. Batter & berms Technical terms for the components of a final pit wall. The slope batters are typically 10-20m high vertically and have slopes between 40o and 70o. The horizontal berms between the batters are typically 5-10m wide. Bed Refers to a layer of sedimentary rock. Bedding A surface in sedimentary or volcanic rocks that was a depositional surface when the sediments or volcanics were deposited. Bedding plane fault A fault along a surface parallel to the surface of deposition. Bedrock General term for the solid rock. underlying superficial weathered rock or soil. Bentonite A clay mineral used for its swelling quality. Bi-modal Two distinct populations in one group. Bio-oxidation (Bacterial oxidation) A process utilising thiobacillus ferroxidans or similar bacteria to oxidise pyritic sulphides in acidic conditions. Blind Refers to an orebody that has no surface expression. Blindboring Drilling of a shaft from the top down. Block model The term applied to the final output of a computer-based process to reflect the likely configuration of the mineralisation and the surrounding material. Bond work index Result of a standard grinding work energy test, developed by Mr F C Bond, usually expressed in kW-hours/tonne. Bornite Copper-iron sulphide mineral. Bottle roll cyanide leaching A metallurgical test involving the mixing of a reagent (cyanide) with water and a selected portion of ore, and agitating the mixture within a bottle placed on rollers. Boxworks Refers to the texture of iron oxides residual from weathering of sulphides. Breakaway A geomorphological term to describe an erosional cliff-like feature typical of the West Australian interior. 769847523 2 Breakeven grade The estimated lowest grade of ore that can be mined and treated profitably in a mining operation. Breccia A rock composed of angular fragments of rock embedded in a matrix. Brecciated Describes rocks which have been broken into angular fragments by sedimentary or igneous action. Bulk Cyanide Leach (BCL) An analytical method for gold geochemical samples Bulk density The in situ mass of a unit volume of material, normally expressed as tonnes per cubic metre. Bulk leach extractable gold (BLEG) sampling Geochemical technique in which samples are analysed for the amount of gold extractable in cyanide solution. Bulk mineable Refers to orebodies that can be mined using large-scale mining equipment. Bulk sampling Large scale sampling of rock or soil aimed at obtaining the most reliable analytical result. Cable bolting A means of supporting a rock mass by grouting steel cables in drilled holes. Calcareous Containing calcium carbonate minerals. Calcine The product of roasting sulphide concentrates. Calcrete A superficial rock containing a high proportion of calcium and/or magnesium carbonate and formed by weathering of calcareous bedrock. Cambrian A geological time period from 530 to 460 million years ago. Carat A unit of weight for diamonds and other gems. The metric carat or international carat (“ct” ) equals 0.2 grams or 200 milligrams. Carbonaceous Term given to a rock containing carbon. Carbonaceous mudstone or shale A fine grained, dark coloured sedimentary rock containing organic material. Carbonate Minerals containing calcium and/or magnesium carbonate. Carboniferous A geological time period from 345 to 285 million years ago. Carbon-in-leach (CIL) A process of recovering gold from ores by crushing, grinding, leaching with cyanide and adsorption on to activated carbon. Carbon is added to the leaching tanks. Carbon-in-pulp (CIP) A process of recovering gold from ores by crushing, grinding, leaching with cyanide and absorption on to activated carbon. Carbon is not added to the leaching tanks. Cassiterite A tin oxide mineral. Cathode The negatively charged component of an electrowinning cell, where valuable metals are deposited. Chalcedony An extremely fine-grained form of silica. Chalcocite A copper sulphide mineral, usually found in enriched zones. Chalcopyrite A copper iron sulphide mineral Channel sampling Chip samples taken in a representative channel across the mineralisation. Chert A cryptocrystalline siliceous rock usually of sedimentary origin. Chlorite A green platey iron-magnesium rich silicate mineral. Chromite A chromium oxide mineral. Cleavage A preferred plane of breakage in a rock caused by the alignment of micaceous minerals. Coffinite A uranium silicate mineral. 769847523 3 Colluvial Refers to broken rock, usually around hills or mountains that moves downslope mainly under the influence of gravity. Column leach tests A metallurgical test involving the leaching of ore in a cylinder. Competent Person Defined in the 2004 JORC Code as a a person who is a Member or Fellow of The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, or of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists, or of a ‘Recognised Overseas Professional Organisation’ (‘ROPO’) included in a list promulgated from time to time. A ‘Competent Person’ must have a minimum of five years experience which is relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the activity which that person is undertaking. If the Competent Person is preparing a report on Exploration Results, the relevant experience must be in exploration. If the Competent Person is estimating, or supervising the estimation of Mineral Resources, the relevant experience must be in the estimation, assessment and evaluation of Mineral Resources. If the Competent Person is estimating, or supervising the estimation of Ore Reserves, the relevant experience must be in the estimation, assessment, evaluation and economic extraction of Ore Reserves. Co-magmatic Formed during the same igneous event. Concentrates The product of a treatment plant in which the abundance of specific mineral species is higher than in the ore. Conductors Geological structures or units able to conduct induced electromagnetic currents. Conglomerate A coarse-grained sedimentary rock containing rounded or sub-rounded rock and mineral fragments. Contact zone (aureole) A zone surrounding an igneous intrusion in which contact metamorphism of the country rock has taken place. Core recovery The proportion of the drilled rock column recovered as core in core drilling. Core Cylinder of rock recovered from diamond drilling. Costeaning Exploration technique involving digging of trenches to expose rock. Covellite A copper sulphide mineral. Crack Seal Process during rock deformation where open fractures are sealed by later mineralisation. Crackle zones/crackling Open-spaced joints produced during deformation of rocks. Craton A large stable mass of rock, usually igneous and/or metamorphic, which forms a major structural unit of the earth's crust. Cretaceous A geological period from 100 to 70 million years ago. Crosscut An underground opening generally driven to cut across a mineralised vein or structure. Cross-bedding Cross stratification in which the cross-beds are more than 1cm in thickness. Cross-folding A later fold structure that intersects a pre-existing fold of different orientation. Crushing The reduction in size of ore from the mine to a size suitable for grinding in a mill-usually minus 12 mm size. Crust That portion of the earth from surface to a depth of 35 km. Cultural Refers to a magnetic anomaly due to man-made structure (e.g. metal shed). Cumulate A layered igneous rock formed by the accumulation of crystals of minerals precipitating from magma. Cuprite A copper oxide mineral. 769847523 4 Cut and fill A stoping method in which the ore is excavated by successive flat or inclined slices working upward. Ore is extracted and the stope void is backfilled progressively to provide a working floor. Cut or top cut The statistical process of reducing all higher-grade assay values to an acceptable level for the purposes of determining the average grade of a mineral deposit or drill intersection. Cut-off grade The grade at or above which material is treated as ore, and below which it is treated as waste. Cyanide leach, cyanidation A method of extracting gold and silver from an ore by dissolving them in a weak solution of sodium cyanide. Cyclone Equipment for separating course and fine particles by centrifugal force. Dacite The extrusive equivalent of quartz diorite. Decline A tunnel access to an orebody, inclined downward from the surface. Deep lead Auriferous alluvials buried by younger rocks. Development Mining carried out to gain access to ore. Devonian A geological time period from 395 to 345 million years ago. Diamond drilling Method of obtaining a cylindrical core of rock by drilling with a diamond impregnated bit. Diamondiferous Refers to rock or unconsolidated material that contains diamonds. Differentiated A body of igneous rock or metamorphic which has separated into zones or layers of different textural and chemical composition during the magmatic or metamorphic process. Digenite A copper sulphide mineral. Dilation zone Open spaces or fractures in rocks caused by structural deformation. Dilation Process whereby open space results from structural deformation of a rock mass. Dilution Reduction of ore grade by contamination with waste material. Diopside A calcium-magnesium silicate mineral found in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Diorite A group of igneous rocks intermediate in composition between acid and basic. Dip The angle at which layered rocks, foliation, a fault, or other planar structures, are inclined from the horizontal. Discordant Cutting pre-existing structures. Disseminated Mineralisation distributed throughout a rock. Dolerite A medium grained basic igneous rock. Dolomite A calcium magnesium carbonate mineral. Dome A form of anticlinal folding about more than one axis so that its form is dome like rather than arch like. Dragfold Any fold that is a subsidiary part of a large fold. Drilling and blasting The process required in most mines to fragment the material so it can be excavated efficiently. Ductile The stress response of certain minerals which undergo permanent deformation without fracturing. Dunite A usually medium grained ultramafic igneous rock containing the mineral olivene. Duricrust A layer of strongly cemented material occurring near the surface in unconsolidated sediments. Dyke A discordant tabular body of igneous rock that was injected into a fissure when molten. 769847523 5 Electrolyte An ionised chemical, or its solution in water, which conducts an electric current. Electromagnetic Refers to a geophysical exploration method which measures responses to induced electromagnetic currents in rocks. Electrowinning Deposition of metal on an electrode from electrolysis. Eluvial Weathered material near to its source EM geophysical survey Survey in which electromagnetic pulses are induced into the earth. En Echelon Linear geological formations or features displaced sideways but with the same general strike. Eocene A geological time division part of the Tertiary period. Epidote Calcium aluminium silicate mineral. Epigenetic Distant from the source. Epithermal Low temperature hydrothermal processes. Evaporites Rocks formed by the evaporation of saturated solutions e.g. salt and potash deposits. Excavator Open pit mining machine that mines by digging, lifting and dumping bucket loads of material into a truck; generally articulated by hydraulics. Facies The aspect, appearance and characteristics of a rock unit, usually reflecting the conditions of its origin. Fault A fracture in rocks along which rocks on one side have been moved relative to the rocks on the other. Feasibility study (bankable) A comprehensive technical and economic study of a project of sufficient accuracy to provide the basis for a decision concerning financing. Feldspar (felspar) A very abundant group of rock-forming silicate minerals in which calcium, sodium and potassium are in combination with aluminium. Felsic Used to describe rocks whose dominant constituents are the lightcoloured silicate minerals such as quartz and feldspar. Ferronickel A nickel-iron alloy. Fire assay A method for assaying in which gold in a pulverised sample is amalgamated with lead, the latter subsequently being fumed off to leave the gold. Flatmake A historic term used by miners in parts of Victoria to describe essentially flat-lying orebodies. Flexure A warp or fold in the rocks. Flitch Mining level in an open pit. Flood basalt Basic volcanic rock of extensive areal distribution. Flotation A wet mineral extraction process by which articles containing certain minerals are induced to become attached to bubbles and float, whilst others sink. Flow Short for lava flow. Fluviatile Deposited by rivers. Fluvioglacial Sedimentary rocks formed from the accumulation of glacially eroded material. FOB Free on board - at point of shipment Fold belt (Orogenic belt) A linear or arcuate region that has been subjected to folding and other deformation during an orogenic cycle. Footwall The underlying side of a geological feature or mine opening. Fractionation Controlled precipitation from a saline solution of salts of different solubilities, as affected by varying temperatures or by the presence of other salts in solution. 769847523 6 Free milling (Non-refractory) mineralisation from which gold is able to be recovered by conventional means. Fumarolic activity A late stage of volcanic activity characterised by the emission of water vapour and other volatiles from a vent (fumarole). Gabbro A coarse-grained igneous rock, low in silica and high in magnesium and calcium. Galena Lead sulphide mineral. Gallery Stoping A method of hand-held underground mining of narrow orebodies. The ore is accessed by closely spaced sub-levels developed off vertical openings or rises. Gangue Waste. Garnet A hard aluminium silicate mineral usually found in metamorphic rocks but also in kimberlite and related rocks. Geochemical Prospecting techniques which measure the content of certain metals in soils and rocks and define anomalies for further testing. Geomechanical Pertaining to the mechanical behaviour of rocks during excavation. Geomorphic Pertaining to the past, present and future land forms. Geophysical Prospecting techniques which measure the physical properties (magnetism, conductivity, density etc) of rocks and define anomalies for further testing. Geostatistical resource estimation method A computer based methodology wherein particular mathematical relationships between sample points are established and employed to project the influence of the sample points. Geosyncline A thick succession of stratified sediments and volcanics deposited in a basin or trough. Geotechnical Referring to the physical behaviour of rock under stress. Geothermal gradient Rate at which the temperature of the earth's crust increases with depth. Gneiss Banded rocks formed during high-grade metamorphism. Goethite A hydrated iron oxide mineral. Gossan Weathered or oxidised upper portion of a mineral deposit generally formed by the decomposition of metallic sulphides. Gouge Crushed rock usually associated with a fault. Graben zone Downthrown area between two faults. Grade control A general term which describes the many measures required to maximise mining recovery of the valuable mineral whilst minimising dilution. Grade Quantity of metal per unit weight of host rock. Graded bedding A type of bedding in which each layer displays a gradual change in particle size. Granite A coarse grained igneous rock consisting largely of quartz and feldspar. Granitoid A granite like intrusive rock. Granodiorite A coarse grained intermediate igneous rock. Gravity (shaking) table A slightly inclined table provided with riffles which separates heavy minerals by a lateral shaking motion. Gravity concentration Separating grains of minerals by virtue of their differing densities. Gravity, gravimetric survey A geophysical exploration technique which measures contrasts in density of the underlying rocks. Greenschist A rock of low metamorphic grade characterised by parallel arrangement of chlorite and micas in basic volcanic rocks. Greenschist facies A set of metamorphic mineral assemblages produced by metamorphism of a wide range of rock types. 769847523 7 Greenstone A general descriptive term commonly in use in Western Australia for a suite of weakly metamorphosed, mainly basic igneous rocks with associated sediments. Greywacke Sedimentary rock composed of fine to coarse, angular to sub-angular particles which are mainly rock fragments. Grid Rectangular pattern marked on ground, usually with wooden pegs, to provide reference points for exploration observations and measurements. Grinding Size reduction to relatively fine particles. Grit A quartz rich sediment, coarser grained than sandstone. Haematite An iron oxide mineral. Half Graben Down faulted younger sediments against older rocks. Hangingwall The wall or rock on the topside of a geological feature or mine opening. Hard rock deposits Used here to describe non-alluvial gold deposits. Head grades A general term referring to the grade of ore delivered to the processing plant. Headframe The structure above a shaft that supports the hoisting cables and facilitates the movement of men and materials. Heap leaching Method of extracting metals from ore dumped on a prepared pad by applying a solution, usually by irrigation via sprinkling or by dripping. Heterolithic A mixture of rock types. Hornfels A fine to medium grained rock formed by thermal metamorphism. Hydrogeochemical Refers to a geochemical exploration technique where ground water is sampled and analysed. Hydrometallurgical Recovery of metal from ore using water-based solution of reagent. Hydromorphic Movement in groundwater. Hydrothermal A process related to the introduction of heated or superheated waters associated with igneous activity. Igneous A rock formed by the solidification of a mineral-rich molten liquid. Ignimbrite A volcanic rock formed by solidification from flows comprising a mixture of very hot rock fragments and hot gases. Indicated Mineral Resource Defined in the 2004 JORC Code as that part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a reasonable level of confidence. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are too widely or inappropriately spaced to confirm geological and/or grade continuity but are spaced closely enough for continuity to be assumed. Induced polarisation (IP) Method of ground geophysical surveying which employs the passing of an electrical current into the ground to test for indications of metallic sulphides. Inferred Mineral Resource Defined in the 2004 JORC Code as that part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a low level of confidence. It is inferred from geological evidence and assumed but not verified geological and/or grade continuity. It is based on information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes which may be limited or of uncertain quality and reliability. Inlier A body of older rocks completely surrounded by younger rocks. Intrusion A body of igneous rock that invades older rocks. 769847523 8 Inverse distance squared (cubed) A method of projecting grades into a block model in which the weighting of any nearby sample is inversely proportional to the square (cube) of its distance from the block being estimated. Ion exchange resin A hydrocarbon-based material which allows a reversible exchange of ions with a solution. Ironstone A broad term for a rock consisting mainly of iron oxides. Isoclinal Folding Tight folding of rock strata such that the fold limbs are nearly parallel. Jarosite An iron sulphate mineral often formed as zinc smelter waste. Jaw crush Refers to a process used to crush rocks. Jig Appliance which separates particles of different density using a pulsed column of water. JORC, JORC Code Joint Ore Reserves Committee, common reference to the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves, 2004. Jurassic A geological time period from 195-135 million years ago. Kaolin Clay mineral derived from alteration of aluminium silicate minerals. Kimberlite A hybrid volatile-rich potassic ultrabasic igneous rock intruded from the mantle and occurring at or near the surface as a cone-shaped volcanic pipe or as sheet-like dykes or sills. Knelson concentrator Device for separating gold particles by centrifugal force. Komatiite A magnesium rich volcanic rock. Kriging A geostatistical means of projecting grades into resource blocks from a range of sample points. Lacustrine Deposited in a lake. Laminated Reef A sequence of narrow quartz veins emplaced closely together along bedding planes. Lamproite Ultramafic intrusive rock with a very deep source usually found in marginal areas to cratons. Lamprophyre Medium grained, often porphyritic, intrusive rock of intermediate composition rich in iron and magnesium minerals. Landsat TM Mapping based on satellite recorded multi-spectral imagery of the Earth's surface. Lapilli Shards or fragments of volcanic rock. Laterite, lateritised A near surface concretionary deposit or crust formed by leaching of silica and aluminium and enrichment in iron. Lattice The unit cell in the crystal structure of a mineral. Leach pad A levelled and compacted surface, prepared for the purpose of heap leaching with an impervious layer to direct the liquor to the collection point. May be reusable or non-reusable. Leatherjackets Historic term, used initially at Ballarat for gold bearing quartz reefs generally located on the east side of anticlinal structures. Lenses Geological features bounded by converging surfaces. Lerchs-Grossmann Modelling technique used to determine the optimum open pit design for a given set of parameters. Leucite A potassium aluminium silicate mineral. Level A main underground roadway or passage. Limestone A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate mainly as calcite. Lineament A linear feature, generally recognisable in the topography, of regional extent; commonly detected by satellite imagery. 769847523 9 Lithostratigraphic unit A body of rock that consists dominantly of a certain lithologic type of combination of types, or has other unifying lithologic features. Lithology General descriptive term referring to the composition and texture of rocks present in any area. Loam sample Surface sample of residual or transported lag material. Lode Tabular body of mineralisation or ore. Macrodiamond A diamond whose dimensions of at least two sides are larger than 0.4 mm diameter. Mafic or basic Used to describe igneous rocks of low silica content (usually 45-55% SiO2, or silicon dioxide) whose dominant mineral constituents are iron and magnesium silicates. Magma (magmatic) Molten rock material. Magnesite Magnesium carbonate mineral. Magnetic survey A geophysical technique which measures variations in the earth's magnetic field. Magnetite An iron oxide mineral. Malachite A green hydrated, copper carbonate mineral. Mantle The portion of the earth's interior below the crust from a depth of 35 km to 2,900 km. Marcasite An iron sulphide mineral. Massive Homogenous structure with no bedding, lamination or orientation of mineral grains. Massive sulphide Body of mineralisation comprised mainly of sulphide minerals. Measured Mineral Resource Defined in the 2004 JORC Code as that part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a high level of confidence. It is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are spaced closely enough to confirm geological and grade continuity. Mechanised cutting The use of a continuous mining machine such as a road-header for excavating a tunnel. Merill Crowe A process in which gold is recovered from cyanide solution by precipitation on zinc shavings. Mesothermal A hydrothermal deposit formed at intermediate temperatures and depths. Mesozoic A geological era ranging in time from 225 my to 70 my. Metabasalts A metamorphosed basalt. Metakimberlite A kimberlitic rock altered by metamorphism. Metamorphism, Metamorphic Term applied to pre-existing sedimentary and igneous rocks which have been altered in composition, texture, or internal structure by processes involving pressure, heat and/or the introduction of new chemical substances. Metasedimentary General term used to describe sedimentary rocks which have been metamorphosed. Metasomatism A metamorphic change which involves the introduction (usually as fluid) of material from an external source. Microdiamond A diamond that passes through a sieve with a mesh opening of 0.4 mm diameter. Migmatite A rock consisting of mixed igneous and metamorphic materials. Mill A rotating machine used for reducing the size of ore particles. Mineragraphic Study of polished section of rock. 769847523 10 Mineral Resource Defined in the 2004 JORC Code as a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. Mineral Resources are sub-divided, in order of increasing geological confidence, into Inferred, Indicated and Measured categories. Mineralisation The process by which minerals are introduced into a rock. More generally a term applied to accumulations of economic or related minerals in quantities ranging from anomalous to economically recoverable. Mineralised zone A volume of rock which contains anomalous to economically recoverable quantities of mineral. Miocene A geological time division, part of the Tertiary period. Mudstone A fine, more or less sandy, clayey rock. Mullock Waste rock produced during mining operations. Mylonite A laminated milled rock formed by movement on fault surfaces. Nugget Refers to a particle of gold or other precious metal, usually a few millimetres in size or larger. Oligocene A geological time division, part of the Tertiary period. Olivine A silicate mineral of magnesium and iron. Open cut Mine excavation produced by quarrying or other surface earthmoving equipment. Open pit Mine excavation produced by removing all material overlying and including the extracted ore. No underground caverns are created. Ordovician A geological time period from 460 to 435 million years ago. Ore Mineral bearing rock which can be mined and treated profitably under current or immediately foreseeable economic conditions. Ore Reserve Defined in the 2004 JORC Code as the economically mineable part of a Measured and/or Indicated Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses, which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments and studies have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified. Ore Reserves are sub-divided in order of increasing confidence into Probable Ore Reserves and Proved Ore Reserves. Orebody A physically discrete body of rock comprising ore. Orogeny The process of formation of mountains. Orthocumulate A layered igneous rock formed by the accumulation of crystals of minerals precipitating from magma where the intercumulus liquid has crystallised into one or more minerals which enclose the original cumulate crystals. Orthopyroxenite A basic to ultramafic intrusive rock or differentiate. Ounce Troy ounce of 31.1 grams. Outcrop Expression of rock unit at surface. Overbreak Refers to the adjoining waste necessarily broken when mining ore. Oxidation The process by which minerals are altered by the addition of oxygen in the crystal structures. Oxide mineralisation Derived from alteration of primary sulphide minerals by oxidation in the weathered zone. 769847523 11 Oxide ore Ore that has been oxidised by exposure to air and circulating groundwaters. During this process, sulphide minerals break down to iron and other metal oxide minerals. Palaeocene A geological time division, part of the Tertiary period. Palaeo-divide Ancient drainage divide. Palaeogravels Gravels occupying a palaeochannel. Palaeo-valley Ancient river valley. Palaeozoic A geological era from 570 to 225 million years ago. Paleodrainage, palaeochannel Fossil drainage system related to pre-existing topography. Paragenetic (models) Relates to mode of origin of a rock or mineral. Parakimberlite A rock having some chemical and textural similarities to a kimberlite. Parasitic fold A subsidiary fold in the limbs or closure of a larger fold. Pathfinder element Refers to elements which can be used in the search for metals (e.g. arsenic in the search for gold). Pedogenic Formed as part of soil-making process. Pegmatite A very coarse grained igneous rock. Pelitic Descriptive term for fine-grained sediments such as shale and siltstone. Peneplaination Process of weathering rocks in which the end result is a plain. Pentlandite A nickel iron sulphide. Percussion drilling Drilling method which utilises a hammering action under rotation to penetrate rock while the cuttings are forced to the surface by compressed air. Peridotite An ultramafic intrusive rock. Period Reporting time division for a mining operation; usually 4 weeks. Permian A geological time period from 280 to 225 million years ago. Petrography The description and systematic classification of rocks by means of microscopic examination of thin-sections. pH A measure of relative acidity. Phenocryst Refers to a relatively large mineral grain in a finer-grained ground mass. Photogeological Refers to a geological map based on interpretation of aerial photographs. Photolineament Refers to a linear feature on the surface of the earth as seen on an aerial photograph. Phreatomagmatic A volcanic eruption resulting from the contact of ground water and a heat source. Phyllite A cleaved metamorphic rock with affinities with both slates and schists. Picroilmenite A titanium mineral associated with kimberlite rocks, hence an "indicator mineral". Pitchblende Also called Uraninite. Uranium oxide mineral. Planar cross-bedding Cross-bedding in which the lower bounding surfaces are planar surfaces of erosion. Platinoids The platinum group metals. Pliocene A geological time division, part of the Tertiary period. Plunge The angle from the horizontal of a geological feature viewed in a vertical plane parallel to its strike. Pluton An igneous intrusion; a body of consolidated magma. Polygons, polygonal The derived shape of the mineralisation on a particular cross-section which provides the basis for projecting the mineralisation to the next section and thus establishing the tonnage. 769847523 12 Porphyry, porphyritic A rock composed of relatively large mineral grains (phenocrysts) in a fine-grained groundmass. Portal The entrance to a tunnel or decline. Potassic Of, pertaining to, or containing potassium. Powder factor The explosives per unit of volume or tonne of material required to effect fragmentation. Precious metals Generally refers to gold and silver. Pre-Cambrian A geological time period incorporating the Archaean (older than 2,400 million years) and Proterozoic (2,400 million years to 570 million years). Pre-feasibility study A relatively comprehensive analysis which is qualified by the availability and accuracy of fundamental criteria and assumptions to the degree that it cannot be the basis for final decisions. Pregnant solution Solution, containing dissolved metals, after percolation through a heap. Pressure oxidation The use of elevated temperature and pressure to promote the oxidation of sulphides. Pre-stripping Removal of waste rock before mining of ore in an open pit. Primary In this context the original mineralisation before it has been subject to secondary processes. Probable Ore Reserve Defined in the 2004 JORC Code as the economically mineable part of an Indicated, and in some circumstances, a Measured Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments and studies have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified. Prograde E.g. prograding shoreline A shoreline that is being built forward or outward into a sea or lake by deposition and accumulation. Propylitic A style of hydrothermal alteration dominated by a characteristic mineral assemblage (e.g. epidote, calcite, chlorite, pyrite). Proterozoic A geological era from 2,400 million years to 570 million years. Proved Ore Reserve Defined in the 2004 JORC Code as the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments and studies have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified. Psammitic Term used to describe a metamorphised sandstone, arkose or quartzite rich in the mineral quartz. Pyrite An iron sulphide mineral. Pyroclastic Produced by explosive or aerial ejection of material from a volcanic vent Pyrometallurgical Processes for wining and refining metals using heat, as in roasting and smelting. Pyrope A form of garnet. Pyrophyllite A talc-like mineral. Pyrrhotite Magnetic iron sulphide mineral. Quartz Mineral species composed of crystalline silica (SiO2). Quartzite A metasedimentary rock derived from sandstone. Quaternary A geological period from two million years ago to the present. Radiometric Measurement of radioactivity useful in mapping rock formation. Raffinate Acid generated in the solvent extraction process. 769847523 13 Raise boring Method of underground excavation by drilling upwards. Reagents Chemicals used in the treatment of ores to recover metals. Recent Youngest time division of the Quaternary. Recovery The percentage of metal in an ore extracted by the metallurgical process. Reduced fluid A fluid with limited or no dissolved oxygen. Reef A lode or vein. Refractory Ore from which it is difficult or expensive to recover the valuable constituent related minerals in quantities ranging from anomalous to economically recoverable. Regolith The altered, unconsolidated or recemented cover that overlies coherent bed rock. Relict Said of a topographic feature that remains after other parts have disappeared. Reserve See “Ore Reserve” Resource See “Mineral Resource” Retrograde metamorphism A type of polymetamorphism by which minerals of a lower grade are formed at the expense of minerals characteristic of a higher grade. Reverse circulation (RC) drilling Variant of percussion drilling in which cuttings are raised to surface by a stream of compressed air inside a metal tube. Reverse fault A fault in which one block moves in a relative sense over the other. Rhyodacite Fine grained acid to intermediate volcanic rock. Rhyolite Fine grained acid volcanic rock. Rift A zone of the Earth's crust which ruptures under extensional forces. Rising main A main pump line to carry water being pumped in an underground mine either to the surface or a higher pumping station. Roasting A process of burning sulphides to liberate the contained metals. Rock chip sampling Refers to collecting a representative sample comprising numerous small chips of rock. Rod mill A mill for fine grinding of ore which uses long steel rods instead of balls. ROM stockpile Stockpile of "run of mine" ore which provides a buffer, for various reasons, between the mining and crushing operations. Rotary air blast (RAB) drilling A shallow rotary drilling method used to penetrate soil and the upper weathered part of the bedrock. Saddle reef A particular form of quartz reef occurrence in the crest of an anticline, common in the Central Victorian goldfields. SAG mill Semi-autogenous grinding ball mill in which the rock being ground assists in the grinding process. Sandstone A medium grained sedimentary rock with a high content of quartz. Sapphire A flawless crystal of corundum. Saprolite A soft, clay rich near surface horizon in the weathering profile in which certain minerals and metals can be enriched, others depleted. Schist Fine grained micaceous metamorphic rock with laminated fabric. Screened fire assay Fire assaying of a sample after it has been divided into separate size fractions, aimed at ensuring a representative proportion of the coarser metal (usually gold) grains in the assay sample. Sedimentary Rocks formed of particles deposited from suspension in water, wind or ice. Sericite A member of the mica mineral group; an aluminium silicate often derived from alteration. 769847523 14 Serpentinite A metamorphic rock derived from ultramafic rocks. Shaft A nearly vertical passage from the surface by which a mine is entered and through which ore is transported. Shale A sedimentary rock of silt to clay grain size with well marked bedding plane fissility. Shear Zone in which rocks have been deformed by lateral movement along parallel planes. Shearing Deformation by lateral movement along parallel planes. Sheeted vein Quartz veins occurring in close-spaced parallel sheets. Shoot A general term describing lens-like bodies of mineralisation defined by grade/thickness parameters. Shrinkage, shrink stoping Method of ore extraction whereby the ore is broken in successive flat or inclined slices working upward. The broken ore forms the working surface, with enough drawn off from below to provide a working space. Silicified Referring to rocks in which a significant proportion of the original constituent minerals have been replaced by silica. Sill An intrusion which is parallel to (conformable with) the stratigraphy of the enclosing rocks. Sill pillar A horizontal block left unmined to support ongoing mining. Siltstone A fine-grained sedimentary rock. Silurian A geological time period from 435 to 395 million years ago. Sinter Silica deposited by hot springs. Sirotem A method of geophysical exploration relying on the use of transient electromagnetic fields. Size reduction Refers to the process of crushing a sample and then splitting off a representative sub-sample for assaying. Slate A fine-grained fissile metamorphic rock derived from shales and similar sediments. Smelting Chemical reduction of a metal from its ore by fusion. Soil anomaly A zone or point determined by geochemical sampling and assaying of the soil to be different from the general surrounds. Solid solution An inter-mixing of minerals without defined grain boundaries. Solution mining The extraction of metals by dissolving them in solution pumped into and recovered from the host rock through bore holes. Solvent extraction A means of selectively separating a metal in a solution from other elements by its affinity for a particular solvent. Sphalerite A zinc sulphide mineral. Spinel A group of iron and aluminium oxide minerals usually found in metamorphic rocks of which magnetite and chromite are most common. Spirals A sluice formed in 5 or 6 tight spirals in which centrifugal force aids the separating effect. Splay A fracture which is subsidiary to a major fault and usually oblique to it. Spurry The irregular development of quartz veining in dilation zones. Stibnite An antimony sulphide mineral. Stockwork A set of veins in a number of different orientations. Stope An underground opening from which ore is extracted. Strata Layers of rock. Stratabound Confined within a particular strata. Stratiform Parallel to sedimentary bedding. Stratigraphy Refers to the classification of a series of layered rock or strata. 769847523 15 Stream-sediment survey Systematic sampling of sediments within drainage channels. Strike The direction of bearing of a bed or layer of rock in the horizontal plane. Stringer sulphides A sulphide mineral occurrence where the sulphide minerals form thin veins. Stripping Removal of metal from material on which it has precipitated or been adsorbed e.g. gold from carbon or copper from cathodes. Structural corridor/zones/trends Refers to processes of fracturing and folding of rocks. Structural feature Used in this report to refer to a significant fracture, fault or shear in which mineralisation may be concentrated. Structural targets Zones of deformation interpreted to be favourable to the localisation of mineralisation. Structural In this report refers to processes of fracturing and folding of rocks. Subaerial Formed on the land surface. Sub-outcrop Expression of rock unit near surface. Sulphides Minerals consisting of a chemical combination of sulphur with metals. Sulphide concentrate The product, usually of the flotation process, in which sulphide particles are removed from the crushed rock, containing predominantly sulphide minerals. Supergene Concentration of minerals by secondary processes. Syenite A plutonic igneous rock consisting principally of alkali feldspar with one or more mafic minerals. Syncline A fold in rock strata which is concave upwards. Tailings Material rejected from a treatment plant after the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted. Talc A member of the mineral group, micas, usually occurring in metamorphic rocks. Tectonics Forces in the Earth's crust which result in movements of sections of the crust and produce deformation of rock bodies. Tellurides A mineral compound of tellurium, often rich in gold and silver. Tension gash An opening in rocks formed as a subsidiary fracture to a fault movement. Terrace Refers to a sheet of alluvial sediments (usually sand or gravel) lying at an elevation above the current river in a valley. Terrane An obsolescent term applied to a rock or group of rocks and to the area in which they crop out. General term. Tertiary A geological time period from 70 to two million years ago. Tetrahedrite A copper and silver ore mineral. Tholeiitic A variant of basalt containing little or no olivine. Thickener Apparatus for reducing the proportion of water in a pulp. Thiourea An organic solvent sometimes used for separating precious metals. Thrust A low angle fault. Toll treated Usually refers to processing at a relatively adjacent treatment facility. Top cut An upper assay limit to which all abnormally high assays in a population are reduced to restrict their influence on the average grade of the resource. Torbernite Hydrated copper uranium phosphate mineral. Trace elements Minor elemental constituents often significant in geochemical exploration. 769847523 16 Transfer fault A type of fault which represents the release of stress related to another major fracture. Trash screen Protective screen for removing detritus from the pulp stream. Triassic A geological time period from 225 to 195 million years. Tribute Refers to a mine where the owner allows another party to operate in return for a share of the product. Trommel A screen used in grading coarsely crushed ore. True thickness The thickness of a lens or shoot normal to its plane of maximum elongation as opposed to the thickness indicated by a drill hole intercept which may cut the lens obliquely giving a large apparent thickness. Tuff Rock which contains fragments of other rocks and minerals sourced from eruptive volcanic action. Tuffaceous sandstone or siltstone Indurated sedimentary rock composed of sand grains derived from explosive volcanic activity. Turbidite A sediment formed from a slurry moving at high speeds down a basin slope. Ultrabasic or ultramafic Used to describe igneous rocks of very low silica content (usually < 45% SiO2,) consisting essentially of iron and magnesium silicates to the virtual exclusion of quartz and feldspar. Unconformity A contact between rock units that represents a time break in rock deposition or formation. Unconstrained model Refer also geostatistical methods. Means an interpreted geological boundary has not been used finitely to limit the influence of statistically projected sample grades. Underground methods Methods used for underground mining as opposed to open pit methods. Uphole benching; Uphole retreating A method of mechanised open stope underground mining in which the ore is drilled and blasted from below. Vat leaching Leaching of the ore within large tanks or vats, which involves flooding the ore with the lixiviant, then draining the solution for further treatment. Vein A tabular form mineral filling of a rock fracture. Ventilation raise An opening drilled upwards to surface to provide mine ventilation. Vertical A historic mining term used in parts of the Victorian goldfields to describe steeply dipping veins. Violarite A violet-grey sulphide mineral of nickel and iron. Volcanic Rocks formed from the solidification of lava extruded on or erupted at the Earth's surface. Also includes pyroclastic rocks. Volcanoclastic Descriptive of a clastic sediment containing material of volcanic origin. Volcanogenic Refers to rocks of volcanic derivation. Vuggy Containing many cavities. Waste to ore (stripping) ratio Tonnage/volume of waste material which must be removed to allow the mining of one tonne/cubic metre of ore in an open cut. Waste Rock other than ore excavated during a mining operation. Wavelength In this report, refers to the distance between the crests of adjacent anticlines. Weathering Near-surface alteration of minerals and rocks by exposure to the atmosphere and groundwater. Wedge A section of diamond drill-hole mechanically deviated from the direction of the primary hole. Whittle 3D (4D) optimisation Computer program used for planning open-pit dimensions based on technical and economic parameters relevant to resource under study. Winder An electrically driven winding engine for hoisting up a shaft. 769847523 17 Winze A vertical opening in an underground mine developed from the top downwards. Workings Refers to pits, shafts and adits mark by prospectors in search of minerals. 769847523 18