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Name: ____________________________________ Marsh Avenue Expeditionary Learning School 100 Essex Drive Staten Island, New York 10214 Telephone: 718.370.6850 Fax: 718.370.6860 Dear Students, Welcome to Marsh Avenue Expeditionary Learning School! In order to encourage and develop your love of science, we have prepared summer assignments for you to complete. These assignments will guide you to take notes as you read the required articles so that we can enjoy lively discussions together when we meet in September. For your summer assignment, we are requiring that you read three articles and complete a project based on the readings. This year, we are requiring that you read the articles Forms and Sources of Energy, Transformations of Energy, and Simple Machines. For each required article, we have created specific assignments for you to complete before, during, and after reading. These assignments will be our focus for the first unit of study in your Science class. Have a great summer! Name _________________________________ BEFORE READING: Forms and Sources of Energy Directions: Use a dictionary to look up some difficult words in preparation for reading. Prior to reading the article, skim through it to see if there are any words that you are unfamiliar with. We have left some blank spaces for you to add and look-up other difficult words you may come across as you read. Word Atom Matter Characteristics Particles Molecules Associated Dictionary Definition How can you use these new vocabulary words to enhance your understanding of science? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ What do you KNOW about forms and sources of energy? What are you WONDERING about forms and sources of energy? DURING READING As you read the article, use the graphic organizer to take notes. You will need to consult and use these notes when you answer a variety of questions throughout the year. In the Venn Diagram below, compare and contrast two different forms of energy. _____ ________________ _____________________ Name _________________________________ Forms and Sources of Energy Like matter, energy is all around you. For example, the light given off by a lamp or the Sun is a form of energy. The warmth you feel from the Sun is also a form of energy. When you play catch with a friend, energy is present in the moving ball. Energy is present in the foods you eat. Your body uses the energy from food to carry out all the functions needed to keep you alive. Forms of Energy Energy is the ability to do work or cause changes in matter. Energy exists in several different forms. As described below, each form of energy has its own characteristics. Thermal Energy All matter is made up of particles called atoms and molecules. These particles are always in motion. The total amount of energy in all of the particles contained in a sample of matter is called thermal energy . Heat is often associated with thermal energy, such as the heat you feel when you rub your hands together on a cold day. However, heat itself is not a form of energy. Heat is thermal energy that is transferred between two objects of different temperatures. Mechanical Energy One form of energy is mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is the energy associated with the motion of an object. For example, when you toss a basketball through the air, the moving basketball has mechanical energy. Wind had mechanical energy because it involves the movement of air. You have mechanical energy when you walk or run. Chemical Energy A compound forms when two or more elements join chemically. The atoms of the elements that make up a compound are held together by chemical bonds. Chemical energy is the energy that is stored in chemical bonds. Chemical bonds form when atoms come together to form a compound. Chemical bonds break when a compound is broken apart to form elements or smaller compounds. Energy is always involved in breaking or forming chemical bonds. Electromagnetic Energy Like the particles making up matter, the particles that make up an atom also are in constant motion. Electromagnetic energy is the energy resulting from the motion of the particles within atoms. Visible light is one type of electromagnetic energy. Other types of electromagnetic energy include X-rays, microwaves, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Computers, radios, televisions, and lamps are all examples of electrical devices that operate using electrical energy. Electrical energy is energy that results from moving changes. Sound Energy A vibration is a rapid back-and-forth motion. Sound energy is the energy given off by a vibrating object. This energy travels through matter in the form of waves. Nuclear Energy The center of an atom is the nucleus, which is made of protons and, usually, neutrons. The protons and neutrons of the nucleus are held in place by nuclear forces. Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom as a result of the nuclear forces. This energy can be released from the atom in two ways: through nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. AFTER READING Directions: Answer the following question in full sentences. How are chemical energy and nuclear energy alike? How are they different? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name _________________________________ BEFORE READING: Transformations of Energy Directions: Use a dictionary to look up some difficult words in preparation for reading. Prior to reading the article, skim through it to see if there are any words that you are unfamiliar with. We have left some blank spaces for you to add and look-up other difficult words you may come across as you read. Word Broad Mass Nor Resistance Transformation Determined Dictionary Definition How can you use these new vocabulary words to enhance your understanding of science? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What do you KNOW about energy transformations and kinetic & potential energy? What are you WONDERING about energy transformations and kinetic & potential energy? DURING READING As you read the article, use the graphic organizer to take notes. You will need to consult and use these notes when you answer a variety of questions throughout the year. In the Venn Diagram below, compare and contrast kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic Potential Name ______________________________ Transformations of Energy Kinetic and Potential Energy All energy can be classified into two broad categories: kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy in energy resulting from the motion of an object. The amount of kinetic energy resulting from the motion of an object. The amount of kinetic energy an object has is determined by the mass of the object and the speed (or velocity) of the object. You can calculate the amount of kinetic energy an object has using the formula: Kinetic energy = ½ x mass x (velocity)^2 Potential energy is stored energy. An object has potential energy because of its position or condition. For example, a rock sitting at the edge of a cliff has potential energy because of its position. You can calculate the amount of potential energy in the rock by multiplying its mass by its height above the ground. This is shown in the formula: Potential energy = mass x height Under certain conditions, potential energy stored in an object can change into kinetic energy. This can be demonstrated with an example of a skier at the top of a hill. At first, the skier is positioned at the top of a hill. Although she is not moving, the skier has potential energy because of her position at the top of the hill. As she begins moving, some of the skier’s potential energy is changed into kinetic energy (the energy of motion). When the skier comes to a stop at the bottom of the hill, she no longer has kinetic energy. Potential energy can also be stored due to the condition of an object. If you compress a spring, you increase the spring’s potential energy. If you release the spring, it moves, as the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. Energy Transformations Like matter, energy can be transformed, or changed from one form to another. For example, when you flip a switch to turn on a lamp, electrical energy is carried through the lamp wire to the bulb. In the bulb, a filament changes this electrical energy into electromagnetic energy. You perceive this electromagnetic energy as the light given off by the bulb. If you placed your hand near the bulb, you would also observe that the bulb gives off thermal energy, which you feel as heat. Energy transformations are part of your daily life. Here are a few examples: In addition to showing common energy transformations, the examples above illustrate that potential energy is often stored as chemical energy. For example, the energy in the vegetables you eat is stored in the vegetables as chemical energy. The energy in fuels is stored chemical energy. This energy is released when the fuels are burned. The Law of Conservation of Energy The examples show that energy transformations can take many forms. However, no matter how energy is transformed, energy itself is not made or destroyed. This principle forms the basis of an important scientific law. The law of conservation of energy states that, while energy may change from one form to another, energy is neither created nor destroyed. The diagram above illustrates how energy is conserved when an object, such as a watermelon, is tossed from a building. Notice that prior to being tossed out the window, the watermelon has potential energy (because of its position), but no kinetic energy (because it is not moving). Just after being tossed, some of the potential energy of the watermelon is converted into the kinetic energy of motion. As the watermelon continues falling, its kinetic energy increases as its potential energy decreases. However, the total amount of energy (potential + kinetic) remains the same. As shown, the watermelon has the highest kinetic energy (and lowest potential energy) just as it strikes the ground. In some energy conversions, energy may appear to be lost or destroyed. This occurs because energy transfers are never completely efficient. When energy is transferred from one object to another or when an object hits the ground, some energy changes to forms that are usually wasted. Some energy is usually released as thermal energy. In most cases, friction is responsible for this apparent energy loss. Friction is a force that opposes the motion of an object. Friction is present any time two objects are in contact with one another. For example, when you roll a ball across a floor, the ball comes to a stop because of friction between the ball and the floor. A swinging pendulum eventually stops because of air resistance. Air resistance is a form of friction that opposes the motion of an object moving through air. When air resistance acts on the pendulum, some of the kinetic energy of the moving pendulum is transformed into thermal energy. AFTER READING Directions: Answer the following question in full sentences. A researcher determined the amount of electrical energy entering a lamp and the amount of light energy given off by the lamp. The amount of light energy was less than the amount of electrical energy. How can this observation be explained? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Name _________________________________ BEFORE READING: Simple Machines Directions: Use a dictionary to look up some difficult words in preparation for reading. Prior to reading the article, skim through it to see if there are any words that you are unfamiliar with. We have left some blank spaces for you to add and look-up other difficult words you may come across as you read. Word Force Surface Application Overcome Cylinder Pivot Dictionary Definition How can you use these new vocabulary words to enhance your understanding of science? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ What do you KNOW about simple machines? What are you WONDERING about simple machines? DURING READING As you read the article, use the graphic organizer to take notes. You will need to consult and use these notes when you answer a variety of questions throughout the year. In the Venn Diagram below, compare and contrast two different simple machines. _____ ________________ _____________________ Name ______________________________ Simple Machines Any actual change that occurs requires energy. Energy is the ability to do work or cause change in matter. Motion is one clue that work has been done. Work In science, work is the application of a force to an object to move it a certain distance in the direction of the force. The equation for work is: work = force x distance or W = F x d Work is not always done when a force is applied to an object. For example, a brick wall will not move no matter how much force you apply with your hands. Because the wall does not move, no work is being done when you push on it. Work is done only when an object moves in the same direction of the force that is being applied. For example, you may get tired after carrying your backpack all day at school. However, you did not do any work to carry your backpack. The force you applied was in an upward direction to keep the backpack from falling to the ground. The backpack moved in a forward , not upward , direction as you walked through school. Therefore, work was not done. Now picture a person wearing a backpack and climbing up a flight of stairs. In this case, the person is doing work because the direction of motion and the force being applied are both upward. Simple Machines A machine is a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of a force. As shown in the diagram below, there are six types of simple machines. All complex machines, including a car, are made from a combination of these six simple machines. A machine does not allow you to do less work. In fact, you may do more work when using a machine because in addition to moving an object, you have to do work to overcome friction. Inclined Planes An inclined plane is a straight, slanted surface. A ramp is an example of a stationary inclined plane. It is easier to push an object up a ramp than it is to lift the same object straight up to the same height. This is a machine that involves friction. Think about an object sitting on a ramp. The object doesn’t slide down because of friction. When you push the object up the ramp, you have exert extra force and do extra work because of it. Wedges and Screws Wedges and screws are example of inclined planes that move. A wedge is an inclined plane that is wider or thicker at one end than at the other. When moved, a wedge is used to cut, split, or pry apart objects. When moved, a wedge is used to cut, split, or pry apart objects. Examples of wedges include a knife blade and an axe. A screw is an inclined plane that is wrapped around a cylinder. When a screw is turned, a small force is applied over the long distance of the screw’s threads. Levers A lever is a simple machine made up of a bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum. The force applied to a level is called the effort . The object moved is the load . Levers are classified into three groups based upon the locations of the fulcrum, effort, and load. A seesaw is an example of a first-class lever . In a first-class lever, the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load. A nutcracker is an example of a second-class lever . In the second-class lever, the load is located between the fulcrum and the effort. A hammer or a fishing pole is an example of a third-class lever , in which the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load. Pulleys A pulley is a rope or chain wrapped around a wheel. A load is attached to one end of the rope. A force is applied to the other end of the rope. Pulleys can be set up in different ways, depending on the work that needs to be done. Pulley systems can consist of one or more fixed pulleys , one or more moveable pulleys , or both fixed and moveable pulleys, making a combined pulley system. The first pulley shown makes work easier by changing the direction of the effort force. For example, when you pull down on the rope, the other end of the rope pulls the object upward. You changed the direction of the force that is applied. The second pulley makes work easier not only by changing the direction of the force, but also by multiplying the effort. How can you tell? If you look at the second diagram, there are now two parts of the rope lifting the object upwards, while there is still one section pulling downwards. Looking for this is an easy way to determine the advantage you gain by using a pulley system. Wheel and Axles A wheel and axle is a simple machine that consists of two circular objects of different sizes. The wheel is always larger than the axle. When effort is applied to move the wheel, the axle turns a shorter distance, but it moves with a more powerful force. A doorknob is an example of a wheel and axle. The gears in machinery are also examples of this simple machine. AFTER READING Directions: Answer the following question in full sentences. A simple machine makes work easier, but machines are not 100 percent efficient. That is, not all of the work you do on the machine is used to move the object. Why can’t a machine be 100 percent efficient? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ EXPERIMENT Rube Goldberg was an American cartoonist, sculptor, author, engineer and invention. He drew intricate machines that offered exceedingly complex methods to achieve everyday tasks such as wiping one’s mouth with a napkin or scratching one’s back. Rube Goldberg combines simple machines and everyday objects into elaborate schemes. While Rube’s machines lived only in his illustrations, they have inspired countless sculptors, artists, students, and inventors to create physical models of these complex contraptions. For this assignment, you will be able to demonstrate your understanding of Physics concepts with Rube Goldberg inspired machines. Task: You will design your own Rube Goldberg machine based on something you would like to improve in your house. You will have to draw your design on the graphic organizer provided and then provide an in depth analysis of your design step-by-step. You will be required to include ten steps. Lastly, you will have to describe the physics behind your design of your Rube Goldberg machine. Step 1 : What does a Rube Goldberg machine look like? As seen in many cartoons or television shows, a Rube Goldberg machine is a series of different motions to arrive at a specific end result as a chain reaction. In the graphic below, the man created a machine that allowed him to have a self-operating napkin while he was eating his meal. In your own words, describe what a Rube Goldberg machine is: ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Step 2: Plan your design of your machine. What activity do you need to improve in your house? _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ What do you want your machine to do at the end of the process ? ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ What materials would you need in your machine to make it work? ___________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Give a brief description of how your machine would work: _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Any other planning thoughts: _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 3 : Draw your design, color it and label each movement with a new letter in alphabetical order, as demonstrated in the exemplar picture above. Step 4: Analyze your design by explaining the step-by-step process. Step 1: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 2: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 3: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 4: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 5: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 6: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 7: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 8: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 9: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 10: ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Step 5: Explain the physics! Be sure to use text evidence from the three articles to support your answers. Within your machine, describe the simple machines that you used: _______________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Within your machine, describe the potential and kinetic energy : ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Within your machine, describe the energy transfers : ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Within your machine, describe the law of conservation of energy : _________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________