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Civil War Battles January 13, 2017 Describe the advantages and disadvantages of both the Union and the Confederacy at the outset of the Civil War. Agenda: 1. Bell Ringer / Attendance 2. Review Causes of Civil War 3. Civil War Battles Union (N): The Anaconda Plan • Used a naval blockade of the Confederate coastline to stop any military and commercial shipments to the Confederacy. – Blockade the coast of the South to prevent the export of cotton, tobacco, and other cash crops from the South and to keep them from importing much needed war supplies. – Divide the South by controlling the Mississippi River to cut the South off from the west. – Divide the South by capturing the Tennessee River Valley and marching through Georgia to the coast. – Capture Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America. Confederacy (S): The King Cotton Plan • Cotton exports would make an independent Confederate States of America economically prosperous – Would ruin the textile industry of New England – Would force Great Britain and France to support the Confederacy in the Civil War • Defend their territory • Wait out the North – Didn’t have full support. Would soon tire. Quick Facts: Attack on Fort Sumter • Date: April 12, 1861 • Location: Charleston, SC • Generals: – Union: Major Robert Anderson – Confederacy: P. G. T. Beauregard • Main Events: – S. Carolina Confederate troops attacked Union troops resupplying the federal fort. • Outcome: – Anderson’s troops surrender after 24+ hours – No causalities during the attack Union Response: Lincoln Calls Out the Militia • President Lincoln asks states for militiamen to put down the uprising • In the upper South, state leaders refuse request • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas join Confederacy • Volunteers rush to enlist in both North and South • Confederate capital is moved to Richmond, Virginia in May 1861 • Robert E. Lee becomes commanding general of Northern Virginia North Carolina Secedes • NC refused to send troops that would be used to fight their neighbors • Were outraged that Lincoln used the army against the Confederate States of America (Ft. Sumter) which they did not believe he would do. • On May 20, 1861 the General Assembly hosted a convention in Raleigh where they passed the secession ordinance. • North Carolina had now joined the other Southern states in a rebellion against the Union even though only months before the state had been overwhelmingly pro-Union. Battle of Bull Run • 7/21/1861 • Generals Union- McDowell Confederacy- Beauregard & Jackson • The inexperienced armies clashed along a river in VA • Both sides realize the war will be long and tough • Confederacy Wins Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack • Most important naval battle of the American Civil War from the standpoint of the development of navies • March 8–9, 1862, in Hampton Roads, a roadstead in Virginia where the Elizabeth and Nansemond Rivers meet the James River just before it enters Chesapeake Bay. • The battle was a part of the effort of the Confederacy to break the Union blockade, which had cut off Virginia's largest cities, Norfolk and Richmond, from international trade. • Was the first meeting in combat of ironclad warships • Overall result was a draw, but the USS Monitor became a prototype of modern warship. Shiloh • April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee • Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (U) had moved via the Tennessee River • Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard (C) launched a surprise attack on Union troops. • The Confederates achieved considerable success on the first day, but were ultimately defeated on the second day when Union reinforcements arrive. • 20,000 causalities Quick Facts: Battle of Shiloh • Date: April 6–7, 1862 • Location: Southwestern Tennessee • Generals: – Union: Ulysses S. Grant – Confederacy: Albert Johnston and Beauregard • Main Events: – CSA forces launched a surprise attack on Grant. – Confederates achieved considerable success on the first day, but were ultimately defeated on the second day. • Outcome: – Union victory – 20,000 casualities (huge number!) Antietam • 9/17/1862 • McClellan (87,000) vs. Lee (45,000) • Lee trying to invade Maryland to loop around to Washington D.C. • Bloodiest day in American history • No winners but Lee retreats • McClellan doesn’t follow !?! Bell Ringer • Work on battle chart The Emancipation Proclamation • After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln decides it is the right time to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. • Though it freed only the slaves in the Southern states, it kept England and France out of the war. • This was now a war over slavery. Lincoln Fires McClellan More Generals, Same Problem • • • • • • Gen McDowell fired Gen McClellan fired Gen Burnside fired Gen Hooker fired Gen Meade fired (sort of) "Thus, often, I, who am not a specially brave man, have had to sustain the sinking courage of these professional fighters in critical times." Quick Facts: Battle of Fredericksburg • Date: December 11-15, 1862 • Location: Fredericksburg, Virginia • Generals: – Union: Ambrose E. Burnside – Confederacy: Robert E. Lee • Outcome: – Huge loss of life – Confederate victory Quick Facts: Battle of Chancellorsville • Date: April 30 – May 6, 1863 • Location: Spotsylvania County, Virginia • Generals: – Union: Joseph Hooker – Confederacy: Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson • Outcome: – Confederate victory – Stonewall Jackson died Gettysburg • July 1-3, 1863 • Lee invading the North again (Penn) • Generals – Confederate-Lee – Union- Meade • • • • 46,000 casualties in total (!?!) Lee forced to retreat Considered turning point in war Not followed by Union – (sigh) surprise, surprise Gen Ulysses S. Grant • • • • • • Born Hiram Ulysses Grant Temporarily removed from command …likes the drink…the alcoholic ones… But he fights …And wins!!! Lincoln has found his man to head the army Ulysses S. Grant Vicksburg • Ends July 4, 1863 • Union- Grant • The city was under siege for six weeks • Union wins and controls the Mississippi River Atlanta • 9/2 1864 • Union – Sherman • Sherman takes Atlanta and burns it to the ground • It started Sherman’s “March to the Sea” Bentonville • 3/19-21/1865 • Union-Sherman, Confederate- Joseph Johnston • Confederates tried to prevent Sherman’s forces from destroying the WilmingtonWeldon Railroad • Union wins