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Transcript
Spatial Structure of Metapopulations Taken from: Peck, Sheila. 1998. Planning for Biodiversity: Issues and Examples. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY PRINCIPLES LANDSCAPE PLANNING DESIGN PRINCIPLES LANDSCAPE PLANNING TOOLS Connectivity/corridors Maintain ample interior habitat (large patches over small) Establishment of protected areas/reserves Multiple spatial/temporal scales Reduce edge habitat Fencing controls Disturbances Circular reserves over elongated Restrict removal of native vegetation Habitat patches Establish corridors between habitat patches Remove exotic species and prevent their introduction Habitat edges One large patch is better than several smaller ones (in some cases) Buffer habitat patches and sensitive areas from high impact uses Constant change/dynamics Create separate patches close together Density restrictions or land use restrictions adjacent to or within patches Landscape matrix/structure A triangular design of separate patches is better than a linear design Establish conservation overlay zones Networks Maintain viable native populations Use of transfer development rights away from intact patches Metapopulations Reduce physical barriers Density bonuses to direct development away from critical patches Dispersal Establish habitat patches as stepping stones to maintain ecological infrastructure (reduce isolation of habitat) Controls on construction activities (e.g. dredging, excavating, roadways, vegetation removal) Genetic drift Stepping stones should have alternative routes or loops for dispersal Use of land acquisition programs (e.g. conservation easements, fee simple purchase, etc.) Species/community interaction Create complex/diverse/curvilinear edges (rather than smooth or abrupt) Controls on vehicular access to sensitive habitats Movement of energy, species, etc. Create convoluted over round patches Capital improvements programming to direct growth away from intact patches Ecosystem concepts Elongated patches should be perpendicular to dispersing individuals Clustering development to maintain large or connected patches Corridors should be wide and diverse in composition Monitoring of landscape mosaic and human impacts Use river corridors for dispersion Preferential tax treatments for developing away from native patches Establish windbreaks as natural barriers Restoration of previously impacts habitat patches Reduce fragmentation of previously connected patches Use of GIS analysis to identify and reduce fragmentation of native patches Create convergency points, adjacency, and interspersion of habitats Education programs Concentrate high impact uses Targeted growth areas Prevent the spread of exotic species Phasing of development Integration of land uses over segregation Protect indicator species Increase the overall number of habitat patches South Florida Case Study A “River of Grass” In Decline For More Information • www.evergladesvillage.net • www.dca.state.fl.us
