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Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body—KEY; 30 points
Focus on Wellness…DID YOU KNOW? (Pages 1 and 10)
1. What health habits have you developed over the past several years to prevent disease or enhance your
body’s ability to maintain homeostasis?
_Answers will vary---look for answers related to air we breathe, food we eat, thoughts we think, way we
live our life(behavior and environment) correlating to maintaining homeostasis, healing powers,
resistance to abuse_____________________________________________________________________
2. Explain how your health habits help to maintain homeostasis.
_Healthy habits increase the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis giving it healing power and
resistance to abuse; maintaining homeostasis is influenced by environment (air you breathe) and
behavior (food you eat, thoughts you think—ways to avoid stress)______________________________
I. Anatomy and Physiology Defined
OBJ: Define anatomy and physiology
1. Define anatomy: _The science of structure and the relationships among structures _________________
2. Define physiology: _ The science of body functions, how the body parts work ______________________
CHECKPOINT:
What is the basic difference between anatomy and physiology?
_Anatomy is structure; physiology is function___________________________________________________
Give an example of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its function.
_BOOK EXAMPLES: _bones of the skull, tightly joined form rigid case to protect the brain. Bones of fingers,
loosely jointed, enables movement___________________________________________________________
II. Levels of Organization and Body Systems
OBJ: Describe the structural organization of the human body.
 Explain how body systems relate to one another.
1. What are the six levels of organization of the human body?
_chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and
organismal_______________________________________
2. Explain what each level of organization is structurally composed of.
a. _Chemical-includes atoms, molecules ___________________________________________________
b. _Cellular- cells _____________________________________________________________________
c. _Tissue- groups of cells (work together to form a particular function; four basic types of tissue:
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue)_________________________
d. _Organ- different types of tissues joined together to form body structures (usually composed of two
or more tissue types, have a recognizable shape, have specific functions)_______________________
e. _Organ System- consists of related organs that have a common function_______________________
f. _Organismal- highest level of organization; all the systems of the body combined to make an
organism__________________________________________________________________________
3. The body systems have a relationship between them that allows them to work together to maintain
which three essential life functions?
_Maintain health, protect you from disease, and allow for reproduction of the species_______________
Figure 1.1; Page 3:
Which level of structural organization usually has a recognizable shape and is composed of two or more
different types of tissues? _Organ_____________________________________________________________
CHECKPOINT:
Define the following terms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ system, and organism.
Atom: _smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions______________________________
Molecule: _ two or more atoms joined together _______________________________________________
Cell: _ basic structural and functional units of an organism and the smallest living unit in a human body; are
formed from molecules that combine ________________________________________________________
Tissue: _consists of groups of cells and the material surrounding them that work together to perform a
particular function._______________________________________________________________________
Organ system:_consists of related organs that have a common function.____________________________
Organism: _a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems.__________________________
Referring to Table 1.1, which body systems help eliminate wastes? Be sure to list them all.
_Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Digestive, and Urinary__________________________________________
III. Life Processes
OBJ: Define the important life processes of humans.
1. List and briefly describe the six important life processes of humans?
a.
_Metabolism- breakdown of large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones and the
building of body’s structural and functional components (sum of all chemical processes that occur in the
body)________________________________________________________________________________
b.
_Responsiveness- body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal and external
environment__________________________________________________________________________
c.
_Movement- includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, tiny organelles
within cells____________________________________________________________________________
d.
_Growth- increase in body size (increase in size of existing cells, increase in number of cells, or
amount of materials surrounding cells)_____________________________________________________
e.
_Differentiation- process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells_______________
f.
_Reproduction- formation of new cells for growth, repair, replacement, or the production of a
new individual_________________________________________________________________________
CHECKPOINT:
What types of movement can occur in the human body?
_Muscular movement for walking, running; contractions of organs to help them carry out their specific
functions; movement of cells to areas of the body where they are needed to carry out their specific
functions; movement of cellular parts (organelles) to areas where they are needed to carry out their specific
functions_________________________________________________________________________________
Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits
OBJ: Define homeostasis and explain its importance.
 Describe the components of a feedback system.
 Compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems.
1. Define homeostasis:
_Maintenance of relatively stable conditions_ _______________________________________________
2. Why is homeostasis important?
_ Ensures internal environment of human body remains steady despite changes on outside of the body;
keeps interstitial fluid at a constant temperature of 37○ Celsius (fluid surrounds body cells) __________
A. Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems
3. How are the nervous and endocrine systems critical to maintaining homeostatic balance?
_Nervous system detects changes from the balanced state and sends messages in the form of
nerve impulses to organs that can counteract the change. Endocrine system corrects changes by
secreting molecules called hormones into the blood; hormones affect specific body cells where
they cause responses that restore homeostasis. _______________________________
4. Define a feedback system.
_Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated,
changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on._______________________________________
5. What is a controlled condition?
_Each condition that is monitored; i.e.: body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose
level_________________________________________________________________________
6. Explain the three parts of a feedback system:
a. receptor- _Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends
information called the input (nerve impulses or chemical signals) to a control center__________
b. control center- _Area in the body that sets the range of values within which a controlled
condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates
output (nerve impulses or chemical signals) commands when they are needed to an effector__
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c. effector- _Body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a
response or effect that changes the controlled condition________________________________
1. Negative Feedback Systems
2. Positive Feedback Systems
7. Contrast the functions of negative and positive feedback systems.
_NFS reverses a change in a controlled condition; thus the activity of the effector produces a
result that reverses the effect of a stimulus. PFS the effector produces a physiological response
that reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition______________________________
B. Homeostasis and Disease
8. Explain the relationship between a human bodies’ ability to maintain homeostasis and disease.
_When the body’s controlled conditions remain within certain narrow limits, body cells function
efficiently, homeostasis is maintained, and body stays healthy. However, if one or more
components of the body lose their ability to maintain homeostasis-the normal balance of all
body processes may be disturbed and a disease or disorder may occur_____________________
Figure 1.3; page 8:
What would happen to the heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur
by positive or negative feedback?
_Heart rate would increase due to operation of negative feedback system____________________________
CHECKPOINT:
What types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a feedback system?
_Imbalance in homeostatic conditions; i.e.: (internally )rise or decrease in body temperature, rise or
decrease in blood glucose levels, changes in blood pressure, (externally) change sin environmental
temperatures, availability of oxygen, psychological stressors_______________________________________
How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they different?
Similar: _NFS and PFS both respond to changes in controlled conditions______________________________
Different: _NFS, the response reverses the change due to the original stimulus; PFS, the response enhances
the change due to the original stimulus________________________________________________________
Contrast and give examples of symptoms and signs of a disease. _Symptoms: subjective changes in body
functions that are not apparent to an observer (headaches, nausea); Signs: objective changes that a clinician
can observe and measure (bleeding, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash, or paralysis)_______________
IV. Aging and Homeostasis
OBJ: Describe some of the effects of aging.
1. Describe some of the physical effects of aging upon the human body.
_ Wrinkled skin, gray hair, loss of bone mass, decreased muscle mass and strength, diminished reflexes,
decreased production of some hormones, increased incident of heart disease, increased susceptibility to
infections and cancer, decreased lung capacity, less efficient functioning of digestive system, decreased
kidney function, menopause, and enlarged prostate__________________________________________
CHECKPOINT:
What is meant by aging?
_ Progressive decline in the ability to restore homeostasis_________________________________________
V. Anatomical Terms
OBJ: Describe the anatomical position.
 Identify the major regions of the body and relate the common names to the corresponding anatomical
terms for various parts of the body.
 Define the directional terms and the anatomical planes and sections used to locate parts of the human
body.
1. Define anatomical position: _In the study of anatomy, descriptions of any part of the human body
assume that the body is in a specific stance________________________________________________
A. Names of Body Regions
2. Label the five major anatomical positions of the body on the diagram below using the common
names and anatomical terms (where applicable) for each specific body region.
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Head (Cephalic)
a.
b.
c.
Trunk
d.
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
e.
b. Neck (Cervical)
3. Describe below what each of these five major body regions consists of:
a. _Head- skull and face (front portion: eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin)_________
b. _Neck- supports head and attaches to it to the trunk___________________________________
c. _Trunk- chest, abdomen, and pelvis_________________________________________________
d. _Upper limb- attached to the trunk; shoulder, armpit, arm (portion of limb from shoulder to
elbow), forearm (portion of limb from elbow to the wrist), wrist and hand__________________
e. _Lower limb- attached to the trunk; buttock, thigh (portion of limb from hip to knee), leg
(portion of limb from knee to ankle), ankle and foot____________________________________
Figure 1.4; page 11:
Where is a plantar wart located? _Sole of the foot_______________________________________________
B. Directional Terms
4. Define directional terms: _words that describe the position of one body part relative to another___
5. Define the following directional terms:
a. Superior: _toward the head, or upper part of a structure________________________________
b. Inferior: _away from the head, or lower part of a structure______________________________
c. Anterior: _nearer to or at the front of a body_________________________________________
d. Posterior: _nearer to or at the back of a body_________________________________________
e. Medial: _nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane_____________________________________
f. Lateral: _farther from the midline or midsagittal plane__________________________________
g. Proximal: _nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the
beginning______________________________________________________________________
h. Distal: _farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or
the beginning___________________________________________________________________
i. Superficial: _toward or on the surface of a body_______________________________________
j. Deep: _away from the surface of the body___________________________________________
k. Ventral: _belly side______________________________________________________________
l. Dorsal: _back side________________________________________________________________
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6. In four-legged animals define how each of the directional terms below are used:
a. Anterior: _cephalic (toward the head)________________________________________________
b. Ventral: _inferior________________________________________________________________
c. Posterior: _caudal (toward the tail)_________________________________________________
d. Dorsal: _superior________________________________________________________________
Figure 1.5; page 13:
Is the radius proximal to the humerus? _No_____distal_____
Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea? _No________
Are the ribs superficial to the lungs? _Yes____________
Is the urinary bladder medial to the ascending colon? _Yes_______
Is the sternum lateral to the descending colon? _No____________
CHECKPOINT:
Which directional terms can be used to specify the relationships between (1) the elbow and the shoulder,
(2) the left and right shoulders, (3) the sternum and the humerus, and (4) the heart and the diaphragm?
(1) _Elbow is distal to shoulder____________________________________________
(2) _Left shoulder is lateral to right shoulder____________________________________________
(3) _Sternum is medial to humerus____________________________________________
(4) _Heart is superior to the diaphragm____________________________________________
C. Planes and Sections
7. The parts of the human body are studied in four major imaginary planes that pass through body
parts: sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane, and oblique plane. The sagittal plane is further
divided into subdivisions. Describe the location of each of these planes and the subdivisions below:
a. Sagittal plane: _vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides_______
i. Midsagittal plane: _ specifically when a plane that passes through the midline of the body or
organ and divides it into equal right and left sides __________________________________
ii. Parasagittal plane: _if the plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the
body or an organ into unequal right and left sides__________________________________
b. Frontal plane: _(coronal plane) divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior
(back) portions__________________________________________________________________
c. Transverse plane: _ divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
portions_______________________________________________________________________
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d. Oblique plane: _passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane
and a sagittal plane or between the transverse plane and frontal plane____________________
Figure 1.6; page 14:
Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions? _frontal plane____________________
Figure 1.7; page 14:
Which plane divides the brain into equal right and left sides; the transverse plane, frontal plane, or
midsagittal plane? _midsagittal plane__________________________________________________________
CHECKPOINT:
Explain why descriptive anatomical positions are used. _To avoid confusion when the actually position of a
body part is not in its normal resting site_______________________________________________________
For each directional term defined in item number 5 on page 9 of this packet, provide your own written
example using the terms in relation to body parts. Answers will vary…examples provide below
a. Superior: _right lung is superior to the liver___________________________________________
b. Inferior: _liver is inferior to the right lung____________________________________________
c. Anterior: _rib is anterior to the stomach_____________________________________________
d. Posterior: _stomach is posterior to the rib____________________________________________
e. Medial: _heart is medial to the left lung______________________________________________
f. Lateral: _left lung is lateral to the heart______________________________________________
g. Proximal: _humerus is proximal to the ulna___________________________________________
h. Distal: _ulna is distal to the humerus________________________________________________
i. Superficial: _liver is superficial to the stomach________________________________________
j. Deep: _stomach is deep to the skin of the chest and back_______________________________
k. Ventral: _the diaphragm is ventral__________________________________________________
l. Dorsal: _the kidneys are dorsal_____________________________________________________
VI. Body Cavities
OBJ: Describe the principle body cavities and the organs they contain.
 Explain why the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into regions and quadrants.
1. Define body cavities: _spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal
organs_______________________________________________________________________________
A. Dorsal Body Cavity
2. Describe the dorsal body cavity and the two main areas it consists of. _located near the dorsal (back)
surface of the body; consists of the cranial cavity (formed by the cranial/skull bones) and contains
the brain, and the vertebral (spinal) canal (formed by bones of the vertebral column/backbone and
contains the spinal cord)_____________________________________________________________
B. Ventral Body Cavity
3. Describe the ventral body cavity and the two main areas it consists of. _located on the ventral
(front) aspect of the body and contains organs collectively called viscera; consists of upper portion
called the thoracic cavity (chest cavity) and the lower portion called the abdominopelvic cavity.
Diaphragm (large dome-shaped muscle that powers lung expansion during breathing)forms floor of
the thoracic cavity and roof of the abdominopelvic cavity___________________________________
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4. Name and describe the three smaller cavities of the thoracic cavity. _(1) pericardial cavity- fluidfilled space that surrounds the heart and two pleural cavities. (2) pleural cavities- each of which
surrounds one lung and contains a small amount of fluid. (3) mediastinum- mass of tissues located
between the pleural cavities and extending from the sternum (breastbone) to the vertebral column
(backbone), and from the neck to the diaphragm (contains all thoracic viscera; i.e.: heart esophagus,
trachea, and several large blood vessels, except the lungs__________________________________
5. Name and describe the two portions of the abdominopelvic cavity. _upper portion: abdominal cavity
(stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine); lower portion:
pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, portions of the large intestines, and internal organs of the
reproductive system)________________________________________________________________
C. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
6. Describe the abdominopelvic regions (using nine regions) and name its nine regions (one method of
explaining the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs). _First method two horizontal and
two vertical lines like a tic-tac-toe grid partition the cavity into nine regions, called the right
hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac,
hypogastric, and left iliac__Used more widely for anatomical studies__________________________
7. Describe the abdominopelvic regions (using quadrants) and name the quadrants (another method of
explaining the location of the many abdominal and pelvic organs). _Second method one horizontal
and one vertical line passing through the umbilicus (navel) divide the cavity into quadrants (four
areas) called the right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ),
and left lower quadrant (LLQ)__Used more commonly be clinicians to describe the site of an
abdominopelvic pain, mass, or other abnormality_________________________________________
Figure 1.8; page 15:
In which cavities are the following organs located (thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic):
Urinary bladder _pelvic__________________________
Lungs _thoracic__________________________
Stomach _abdominal_______________________________ Thymus _thoracic________________________
Heart _thoracic__________________________________ Spleen _abdominal______________________
Small intestine _abdominal__________________________ Liver _abdominal________________________
Internal Female Reproductive Organs _pelvic_________________________________
Figure 1.9; page 16:
Which of the following structures are contained in the mediastinum: right lung, heart, esophagus, spinal
cord, aorta, left pleural cavity? Refer back to page 16; figure 1.9 to ascertain where the mediastinum is
pictured in the diagrams below.
_heart, esophagus, and aorta_______________________________________________________________
Spinal cord
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Figure 1.10; page 17:
In which of the nine abdominopelvic regions is each of the following found:
most of the liver _epigastric region__________________________________________
ascending colon _right lumbar__________________________________________
urinary bladder _hypogastric region___________________________________________
appendix _right iliac________________________________________________
Figure 1.11; page 18:
In which abdominopelvic quadrant would the pain from appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) be felt?
_right lower quadrant (RLQ)_________________________________________________________________
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Critical thinking applications:
1. Taylor was going for the playground record for the longest upside-down hang from the monkey bars.
She didn’t make it and may have broken her arm. The emergency technician would like an x-ray film of
Taylor’s arm in the anatomical position. Use the proper anatomical terms to describe the position of
Taylor’s arm in the x-ray film.
ANS: lateral side of the trunk with the palm facing forward
2. Imagine that a manned space flight lands on Mars. The astronaut life specialist observes lumpy shapes
that may be life forms. What are some characteristics of living organisms that may help the astronaut
determine if these or life forms or mud balls?
ANS: should look for metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction
3. Guy was trying to impress Jenna with a tale about his last rugby match. “The coach said I suffered a
caudal injury to the dorsal antecubital in my groin.” Jenna responded, “I think either you or your coach
suffered a cephalic injury.” Why wasn’t Jenna impressed by Guy’s athletic prowess?
ANS: Caudal means inferior or away from the head, dorsal means back, and antecubital is the front of
the elbow. The groin area is located on the anterior of the trunk, near the top of the leg.
4. There’s a special fun-house mirror that hides half of your body and doubles the image of your other
side. In the mirror, you can do amazing feats, such as lifting both legs off the ground. Along what plane is
the mirror dividing your body? A different mirror in the next room shows your reflection with two
heads, four arms, and no legs. Along what plane is this mirror dividing your body?
ANS: Midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left halves; transverse plane divides the top
from the bottom of the body.
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