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Transcript
ECOLOGY The study of the interaction between organisms and their environment Magnet Biology- Ch 46-49 Ch 36-Ecological levels of organization Section 3-1 Go to Section: Ecosystem Structure • Biosphere – part of the Earth in which life exists including land, water, air and atmosphere – Ecosystem – different communities and their non-living environment • Community – different populations living in the same area – Population – many members of 1 species living in the same area » Species – group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring » Organism – 1 member of a species Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere? Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere? Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere? Factors in Ecosystems • Ecosystems are influenced by biological and physical factors. • Biotic Factors (Biological) – Living organisms that influence an ecosystem – Ex Predator and Prey • Abiotic Factors (Physical) – Non-living factors that influence an ecosystem – Ex Soil, Water, Temperature, Sunlight What is an ecosystem composed of? Mountain, clouds, water & rocks Non-Living ONLY Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors Living ONLY Trees, bird, grass, rabbit, & moose ECOSYSTEM Living & Non-Living Together Roles in Ecosystems • Niche – an organisms role in its ecosystem - full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions – If an organism dies, another organism will take over its niche – Examples: Predator, prey, consumer, producer, decomposer – Your niche right now is being a student • Habitat – the environment in which an organism lives – Your habitat is your house Niche Examples Relationships - SYMBIOSIS • Symbiosis – organisms that live together – 3 types • Mutualism – both organisms benefit – Ex bee and flower • Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other is not hurt – Ex bird nest in a tree • Parasitism – one organism benefits and the other is harmed – Mistletoe growing on a tree Mistletoe Parasite Example Cuckoo Egg! The cuckoo lays eggs in other species of bird’s nests. It hatches first and pushes out the other bird’s eggs. Then the mother bird raises the cuckoo rather than her own babies! Community Interactions • Competition • Predation • Symbiotic relationships – Mutualism-ex-Lichens – Commensalism-ex-lichens and a tree – Parasitism-ex-mosquitos and us! Flow of energy in ecosystem • Words to know: autotrophs, heterotrophs, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detrivore • Energy flow: food chains, food webs • Ecological pyramids (Only 10 % of available energy moves up the pyramid) Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid. Biomes Each set of Biomes is defined by a unique set of abiotic factors-particularly climateand has a characteristic ecological community. What determines the different types of biomes? • Latitude – distance of any point on the surface of the Earth north or south from the Equator – Impacts weather and climate Climate vs. Weather • Climate – average weather conditions in an area including temperature and precipitation • Weather – condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time – We listen to the weather report everyday on the news Why we have different seasons and different biomes Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land Biomes Section 4-3 Go to Section: Biomes of the Earth Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal forest (Taiga) Ten Major Biomes Compare/Contrast Table Biome Precipitat Tempera Soil Diversity Trees ion ture Section 4-3 Tropical high hot poor high dense Rain Forest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Savanna Desert Temperate Grassland Shrubland (chaparral) Go to Section: Grasses Sparse ** tropical RF are the most diverse of all biomes moderate medium medium variable mild rich variable mild clay moderate sparse dense low variable poor moderate sparse moderate summer rich moderate absent hot summer summer poor low absent low, winter hot moderate sparse dense medium Temperate deciduous Forest mode summer rich rate moderate, winter cold high dense sparse sparse Coniferous high Forest (Boreal)inclu des taiga summer mild, winter cold rocky, acidic low dense Tundra Summer mild, winter cold poor low absent Medium **know-permafrost **biome classificatio ns usually don’t include icecaps low Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem Section 4-4 Marine Ecosystems land Coastal ocean Open ocean 200m 1000m Photic zone 4000m Aphotic zone 6000m Ocean trench 10,000m Continental shelf Go to Section: Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain Aquatic Ecosystems • Freshwater: – flowing – standing – wetlands • Estuaries – where fresh water merges with salt water. – Very diverse • Marine: – Intertidal; – Pelagic (photic and aphotic) – Benthic (area along ocean floor) Adaptations and Behavior Animals, plants, and all living things adapt to their environment by evolving unique behaviors and physical characteristics to better survive and reproduce. Instinctive Behavior vs. Learned Instincts: innate behaviors, usually very complex Learned Behaviors: Ex: imprinting Territorial Behavior One animal defending its space against another animal Migration: instinctive seasonal movement of a species Hibernation and Estivation • Hibernation: species becoming dormant in winter months • Estivation: dormancy in summer months Cryptic Coloration: animal is the same color as the environment Disruptive Color-shading • Two-toned coloration. • Confuses predators because it makes it hard to distinguish organisms in a crowd. Counter-shading The animal is two-toned, light on bottom and dark on top. Common in marine species Chemical Defenses Plants adapt to their environment • Thorns – To stop animals from eating them • Thick stems and leaves – To hold water • Shape – Hold water, attract insects • Smell – Attract and Deter • Bright Colors – Attract and Deter • Creative Seeds – To be carried by animals, water or wind Sweet Gum Tree – Seed Pods Spiny seed pods protect seeds from predators Maple Trees – helicopter seeds aid in dispersal Dandelions: seed dispersal Pitcher Plant: carnivorous due to poor soil nutrients Cactus: spines help cool and conserve water Succulent: waxy coat helps preserve water Fragrant and brightly-colored flowers attract pollinators Global Cycles • Water -evaporation, transpiration, precipitation • Carbon -photosynthesis and respiration • Nitrogen -relies on bacteria • Phosphorus -weathering of rock The Water Cycle Section 3-3 Water cycle Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration Runoff Seepage Root Uptake Go to Section: Carbon Cycle • Depends on two main processesPhotosynthesis and Respiration • Remember the equations for both! Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle Section 3-3 CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Go to Section: Nitrogen cycle • Most nitrogen is in the atmosphere • Organisms can only use nitrogen in the form of ammonium or nitrate • Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium or nitrates, which is absorbed by plants • There are other bacteria that can convert these molecules back to atmospheric nitrogen Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle Section 3-3 Go to Section: Phosphorus Cycle • Depends heavily on the weathering of rock • Plants absorb dissolved phosphate ions from the soil • Also, decomposers can return phosphates back to soil • Because weathering is a slow process, phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient to plant growth Phosphorous is found mostly in sedimentary rocks, which are weathered into soil. Phosphorous is important to all living things (phosphates in ATP and in DNA) Ch 3-Communities and Biomes • Community- group of interacting organisms that occupy the same area at the same time • Limiting factor- any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction or distribution of organisms (ex-sunlight, water, temp, nutrients, space, etc). All organisms have a range of tolerance Population Dynamics • Population density: number of organisms per unit area • Dispersion- may be uniform, clumped or random. Depends on available resources. Section Outline Section 5-2 Limits to Growth A. Population Limiting Factors 1. Density-Dependent Factors a. Competition b. Predation Parasitism and Disease Essentially anything “biotic” 2. Density-Independent Factors: a. abiotic- weather and climate, natural disasters (bottlenecks), human activities (CFC’s, Burning fossil fuels, etc). Go to Section: Concept Map Section 5-1 Population ecology Population Growth can be Logistic growth Exponential growth characterized by No limits on growth Unlimited resources represented by Constant growth rate J-shaped curve characterized by Limits on growth which cause a Falling growth rate Go to Section: represented by S-shaped curve Figure 5-4 Logistic Growth of Yeast Population Section 5-1 Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity Go to Section: Time (hours) Human Population Growth & historical events Industrial Revolution begins Agriculture begins Plowing and irrigation Bubonic plague Estimating Population Size: Mark and Recapture Method • Biologists use traps to capture the animals alive and mark them in some way. The animals are returned unharmed to their environment. • Over a long time period, the animals from the population are continued to be trapped and data is taken on how many are captured with tags. • A mathematical formula is then used to estimate population size: Estimate of Total Population = (total number captured) x (number marked) (total number recaptured with mark) Group Discussion • What are some specific factors that have resulted in the growth of the human population? • What is biodiversity? • How have humans threatened biodiversity? Give some specific examples • Renewable vs non-reneweable resources? Two Types of Succession 1. Primary Succession: a. Creates new colonies of organisms in new areas where no soil exists (EX: islands formed by volcanoes) b. takes a long time b/c soil(break down of rocks) c. Pioneer species – 1st organisms to move into an area d. Community continues to grow until limiting factors, environ. change , or natural disasters e. Climax community - stable, mature; not much change occurring 2. Secondary succession a. Changes that occur to a community after a natural disaster or environmental destruction b. "Old" species die and new species may move in c. This one doesn’t take as long as primary because the soil is already established. Causes of Ecological Problems • Acid Precipitation – Results from the presence of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the air – Come from the burning of fossil fuels • Greenhouse Effect – Due to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane – Carbon dioxide released from the combustion of fossil fuel More causes • Ozone depletion – Due to CFC’s used as refrigerants and propellants – CFC’s turn ozone into oxygen gas • Biological magnification – Because of pyramid of numbers, small concentrations of toxins in an environment become concentrated to dangerous levels in higher trophic organisms • Habitat destruction