Download Ecology Powerpoint

ECOLOGY
The study of the interaction
between organisms and their
environment
Magnet Biology- Ch 46-49
Ch 36-Ecological levels of organization
Section 3-1
Go to
Section:
Ecosystem Structure
• Biosphere – part of the Earth in which life exists
including land, water, air and atmosphere
– Ecosystem – different communities and their non-living
environment
• Community – different populations living in the same area
– Population – many members of 1 species living in the same area
» Species – group of similar organisms that can breed and produce
fertile offspring
» Organism – 1 member of a species
Species, Population, Community,
Ecosystem, Biosphere?
Species, Population, Community,
Ecosystem, Biosphere?
Species, Population, Community,
Ecosystem, Biosphere?
Factors in Ecosystems
• Ecosystems are influenced by
biological and physical factors.
• Biotic Factors (Biological)
– Living organisms that influence an ecosystem
– Ex Predator and Prey
• Abiotic Factors (Physical)
– Non-living factors that influence an ecosystem
– Ex Soil, Water, Temperature, Sunlight
What is an ecosystem composed of?
Mountain,
clouds, water &
rocks
Non-Living ONLY
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
Living ONLY
Trees, bird, grass,
rabbit, & moose
ECOSYSTEM
Living & Non-Living
Together
Roles in Ecosystems
• Niche – an organisms role in its ecosystem - full
range of physical and biological conditions in
which an organism lives and the way in which
the organism uses those conditions
– If an organism dies, another organism will take over its
niche
– Examples: Predator, prey, consumer, producer,
decomposer
– Your niche right now is being a student
• Habitat – the environment in which an organism
lives
– Your habitat is your house
Niche Examples
Relationships - SYMBIOSIS
• Symbiosis – organisms that live together
– 3 types
• Mutualism – both organisms benefit
– Ex bee and flower
• Commensalism – one organism benefits and the
other is not hurt
– Ex bird nest in a tree
• Parasitism – one organism benefits and the other
is harmed
– Mistletoe growing on a tree
Mistletoe
Parasite Example
Cuckoo Egg!
The cuckoo lays eggs in
other species of bird’s
nests. It hatches first and
pushes out the other bird’s
eggs. Then the mother bird
raises the cuckoo rather
than her own babies!
Community Interactions
• Competition
• Predation
• Symbiotic relationships
– Mutualism-ex-Lichens
– Commensalism-ex-lichens and a tree
– Parasitism-ex-mosquitos and us!
Flow of energy in ecosystem
• Words to know: autotrophs, heterotrophs,
herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detrivore
• Energy flow: food chains, food webs
• Ecological pyramids (Only 10 % of
available energy moves up the pyramid)
Energy Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Represents the amount of living organic matter at each
trophic level.
Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.
Biomes
Each set of Biomes is defined
by a unique set of abiotic
factors-particularly climateand has a characteristic
ecological community.
What determines the different types
of biomes?
• Latitude –
distance of any
point on the
surface of the
Earth north or
south from the
Equator
– Impacts
weather and
climate
Climate vs. Weather
• Climate – average weather conditions in
an area including temperature and
precipitation
• Weather – condition of the atmosphere at
a specific place and time
– We listen to the weather report everyday on
the news
Why we have different seasons
and different biomes
Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land
Biomes
Section 4-3
Go to
Section:
Biomes of the Earth
Tropical rain forest
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Tundra
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Mountains and
ice caps
Tropical savanna
Temperate woodland
and shrubland
Northwestern
coniferous forest
Boreal forest
(Taiga)
Ten Major Biomes
Compare/Contrast
Table
Biome
Precipitat Tempera Soil Diversity Trees
ion
ture
Section
4-3
Tropical
high
hot
poor high
dense
Rain
Forest
Tropical
Dry Forest
Tropical
Savanna
Desert
Temperate
Grassland
Shrubland
(chaparral)
Go to
Section:
Grasses
Sparse
** tropical RF are
the most diverse
of all biomes
moderate medium medium
variable
mild
rich
variable
mild
clay moderate sparse
dense
low
variable poor moderate sparse
moderate summer rich moderate absent
hot
summer summer poor low
absent
low, winter hot
moderate
sparse
dense
medium
Temperate
deciduous
Forest
mode summer
rich
rate
moderate,
winter
cold
high
dense
sparse
sparse
Coniferous high
Forest
(Boreal)inclu
des taiga
summer
mild,
winter
cold
rocky,
acidic
low
dense
Tundra
Summer
mild,
winter
cold
poor
low
absent Medium
**know-permafrost
**biome
classificatio
ns usually
don’t
include
icecaps
low
Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine
Ecosystem
Section 4-4
Marine Ecosystems
land
Coastal
ocean
Open
ocean
200m
1000m
Photic zone
4000m
Aphotic zone
6000m
Ocean
trench 10,000m
Continental
shelf
Go to
Section:
Continental slope and
continental rise
Abyssal
plain
Aquatic Ecosystems
• Freshwater:
– flowing
– standing
– wetlands
• Estuaries
– where fresh water merges with salt water.
– Very diverse
• Marine:
– Intertidal;
– Pelagic (photic and aphotic)
– Benthic (area along ocean floor)
Adaptations and Behavior
Animals, plants, and all living things adapt to
their environment by evolving unique
behaviors and physical characteristics to
better survive and reproduce.
Instinctive Behavior vs. Learned
Instincts: innate behaviors,
usually very complex
Learned Behaviors:
Ex: imprinting
Territorial Behavior
One animal defending its
space against another
animal
Migration: instinctive seasonal
movement of a species
Hibernation and Estivation
• Hibernation: species becoming dormant in
winter months
• Estivation: dormancy in summer months
Cryptic
Coloration:
animal is the
same color as
the
environment
Disruptive Color-shading
• Two-toned coloration.
• Confuses predators because it makes it hard to
distinguish organisms in a crowd.
Counter-shading
The animal is two-toned,
light on bottom and dark
on top.
Common in marine
species
Chemical Defenses
Plants adapt to their environment
• Thorns
– To stop animals from eating them
• Thick stems and leaves
– To hold water
• Shape
– Hold water, attract insects
• Smell
– Attract and Deter
• Bright Colors
– Attract and Deter
• Creative Seeds
– To be carried by animals, water or wind
Sweet Gum Tree – Seed Pods
Spiny seed pods
protect seeds from
predators
Maple Trees – helicopter seeds
aid in dispersal
Dandelions:
seed
dispersal
Pitcher Plant: carnivorous due
to poor soil nutrients
Cactus: spines help cool and
conserve water
Succulent: waxy coat helps
preserve water
Fragrant and brightly-colored
flowers attract pollinators
Global Cycles
• Water -evaporation, transpiration,
precipitation
• Carbon -photosynthesis and respiration
• Nitrogen -relies on bacteria
• Phosphorus -weathering of rock
The Water Cycle
Section 3-3
Water cycle
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Runoff
Seepage
Root
Uptake
Go to
Section:
Carbon Cycle
• Depends on two main processesPhotosynthesis and Respiration
• Remember the equations for
both!
Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle
Section 3-3
CO2 in
Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
Go to
Section:
Nitrogen cycle
• Most nitrogen is in the atmosphere
• Organisms can only use nitrogen in the form of
ammonium or nitrate
• Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to
ammonium or nitrates, which is absorbed by
plants
• There are other bacteria that can convert these
molecules back to atmospheric nitrogen
Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle
Section 3-3
Go to
Section:
Phosphorus Cycle
• Depends heavily on the weathering of rock
• Plants absorb dissolved phosphate ions
from the soil
• Also, decomposers can return phosphates
back to soil
• Because weathering is a slow process,
phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient to
plant growth
Phosphorous is found
mostly in sedimentary
rocks, which are
weathered into soil.
Phosphorous is
important to all living
things
(phosphates in ATP and
in DNA)
Ch 3-Communities and Biomes
• Community- group of interacting
organisms that occupy the same area at
the same time
• Limiting factor- any abiotic or biotic factor
that restricts the numbers, reproduction or
distribution of organisms (ex-sunlight,
water, temp, nutrients, space, etc). All
organisms have a range of tolerance
Population Dynamics
• Population density: number of organisms
per unit area
• Dispersion- may be uniform, clumped or
random. Depends on available resources.
Section Outline
Section 5-2
Limits to Growth
A. Population Limiting Factors
1. Density-Dependent Factors
a. Competition
b. Predation
Parasitism and Disease
Essentially anything “biotic”
2. Density-Independent Factors:
a. abiotic- weather and climate, natural disasters
(bottlenecks), human activities (CFC’s, Burning
fossil fuels, etc).
Go to
Section:
Concept Map
Section 5-1
Population ecology
Population
Growth
can be
Logistic
growth
Exponential
growth
characterized by
No limits on
growth
Unlimited
resources
represented by
Constant
growth rate
J-shaped
curve
characterized by
Limits on
growth
which cause a
Falling
growth rate
Go to
Section:
represented by
S-shaped
curve
Figure 5-4 Logistic Growth of Yeast
Population
Section 5-1
Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity
Go to
Section:
Time (hours)
Human Population Growth & historical
events
Industrial
Revolution
begins
Agriculture
begins
Plowing
and
irrigation
Bubonic
plague
Estimating Population Size:
Mark and Recapture Method
• Biologists use traps to capture the animals alive and mark
them in some way. The animals are returned unharmed
to their environment.
• Over a long time period, the animals from the population
are continued to be trapped and data is taken on how
many are captured with tags.
• A mathematical formula is then used to estimate
population size:
Estimate of Total Population =
(total number captured) x (number marked)
(total number recaptured with mark)
Group Discussion
• What are some specific factors that have
resulted in the growth of the human population?
• What is biodiversity?
• How have humans threatened biodiversity?
Give some specific examples
• Renewable vs non-reneweable resources?
Two Types of Succession
1. Primary Succession:
a. Creates new colonies of organisms in new areas where
no soil exists
(EX: islands formed by volcanoes)
b. takes a long time b/c soil(break down of rocks)
c. Pioneer species – 1st organisms to move into an area
d. Community continues to grow until limiting factors,
environ. change , or natural disasters
e. Climax community - stable,
mature; not much change
occurring
2. Secondary succession
a. Changes that occur to a community
after a natural disaster or environmental
destruction
b. "Old" species die and new species may
move in
c. This one doesn’t take as long as primary
because the soil is already established.
Causes of Ecological Problems
• Acid Precipitation
– Results from the presence of sulfur oxides and
nitrogen oxides in the air
– Come from the burning of fossil fuels
• Greenhouse Effect
– Due to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and
methane
– Carbon dioxide released from the combustion of fossil
fuel
More causes
• Ozone depletion
– Due to CFC’s used as refrigerants and propellants
– CFC’s turn ozone into oxygen gas
• Biological magnification
– Because of pyramid of numbers, small concentrations
of toxins in an environment become concentrated to
dangerous levels in higher trophic organisms
• Habitat destruction