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Animal Behavior Is behavior controlled by genes or is it learned? “Nature versus Nurture” How can we tell how much behavior STUDY TWINS! is controlled by genes? Nurture Instincts control some behavior but most is learned WHAT is learning? Learning = permanent change in behavior brought by experience Types of learning: Imprinting - only during sensitive period ( period during which behavior can develop) Imitative learning: offspring imitates parent Pavlov’s dog This is Classical Conditioning -- stimulus-response builds on instinctive response to stimulus versus Operant Conditioning -- stimulus --> response --> reinforcement for selected response (reward, punishment) EXAMPLES? BEST= intermittent positive reinforcement! Insight: applying learned behavior to new situation Behavior Adapts: What is the goal of any adaptation? reproductive success!! Social behavior (cooperation of individuals for common goal) appears only if there is an evolutionary advantage to it. ADVANTAGES? DISADVANTAGES? Sociobiology: evolutionary biology applied to behavior. Social Behavior Examples: Sex Selection: Females choose (few eggs), males compete (many sperm) Why is death is usually NOT the result of competition? Dominance hierarchy: ‘ Pecking Order’ who gets to eat first in wolf kill, who gets to mate Benefits:more food, more mates Costs: needs more food, more likely for injury Territoriality: lion’s pride WHY do animals have territories? Communication: Chemical (pheromones) a common feature of all animal societies Auditory (sound) Crickets Birds Whales Humans Visual Tactile (touch) Herd behavior - ‘safety in numbers’ Bear attacks in Alaska: 1900-2002 Why is there altruistic behavior (helping someone else without any obvious benefit to individual)? Evolutionary advantage? Juvenile birds help rear next generation: YES! Two ways to succeed reproductively: a) pass on genes directly to offspring b) assist relative (with your genes) to pass on their genes kin selection: we are more likely to help if it is for close family (genetic ‘selfishness’ - kin will help propagate our genes) The Hatfield family What type of learning is this? song birds ‘learn’ correct song during critical period Kittens learn to use litter box from mother We can tell the difference between a fake scream and a real one. You work harder to earn extra credit! Children learn to swear from parents Classical or Operant Conditioning? While George was having a cavity filled by his dentist, the drill hit a nerve that had not been dulled by anesthetic, a couple of times. Each time he cringed in pain. George now gets anxious each time he sees the dentist . A friend of mine ate pecan pie one Thanksgiving when she had the flu. She later threw it up. Now, she gets nauseated at the sight of pecan pie.