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Do Now • Draw some animals in their natural habitat. Include as many living and non-living environmental features as possible. • In your drawing, be sure to illustrate how each aspect is interacting Chapter 3 Ecosystems: What are they and how do they work? Chapter 3.1: What is Ecology Core Case Study: Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing • Cover about 2% of the earth’s land surface • Contain about 50% of the world’s known plant and animal species • Disruption will have three major harmful effects – Reduce biodiversity – Accelerate global warming – Change regional weather patterns Natural Capital Degradation: Satellite Image of the Loss of Tropical Rain Forest Bolivia 1975 2003 3-1 What Is Ecology? • Concept 3-1 Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment of matter and energy. Cells Are the Basic Units of Life • Cell Theory – All living things are composed of cells • Eukaryotic cell – Membrane bound, nucleus, genetic DNA • Prokaryotic cell – No distinct nucleus, no internal membranes – Ex: bacteria Structure of a Eukaryotic Call and a Prokaryotic Cell Species Make Up the Encyclopedia of Life • Species – Group of sexually reproducing organisms • 1.75 Million species identified • Insects make up most of the known species • Perhaps 10–14 million species not yet identified How are living things categorized? • Classification – Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species • Binominal nomenclature – Linnaeus What do a mule and a liger have in common? Ecologists Study Connections in Nature • Ecology – Study of how organisms interact with their living (biotic) environment, other organisms and with non living (abiotic) environment – What are abiotic elements? • Soil, water, air, matter, energy Levels or Organization Levels of organization • Population – Group of individuals of same species living in the same place at the same time – Ex: mice in a field, people in a country… – Genetic diversity varies slightly Population of Glassfish in the Red Sea & Diversity in Snails • Habitat – Place where population or organism lives – What are the habitat requirements of various organisms? • Community – All populations of different species living in a particular place • Ecosystem – Community of different species interacting with one another and their biotic and abiotic environment – Vary in size – Natural or artificial – No clear boundaries – Not isolated from one another • Biosphere – Where life is found Biosphere Parts of the earth's air, water, and soil where life is found Ecosystem A community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy Community Populations of different species living in a particular place, and potentially interacting with each other Population Organism Cell Molecule Atom A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place An individual living being The fundamental structural and functional unit of life Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits its chemical properties Fig. 3-3, p. 52 Mini Activity… • Pick your favorite living thing or one that you are most familiar with. Draw a picture to illustrate the levels or organization for that species. • Be sure to identify the levels or organization Importance of Insects Science Focus: Have You Thanked the Insects Today? • Pollinators • Eat other insects • Loosen and renew soil • Reproduce rapidly • Very resistant to extinction What is happening to the bumblebee? • Silence of the Bees Chapter 3.2 What keeps us and other organisms alive? Do Now: What do you need to survive? Pick and organism and list what it needs to survive? 3-2 What Keeps Us and Other Organisms Alive? • Concept 3-2 Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the sun through the biosphere, the cycling of nutrients within the biosphere, and gravity. The Earth’s Life-Support System Has Four Major Components • Atmosphere • Hydrosphere • Geosphere • Biosphere Natural Capital: General Structure of the Earth Life Exists on Land and in Water • Biomes – Large regions with distinct climates and certain species adapted to them • Aquatic life zones – Freshwater life zones • Lakes and streams – Marine life zones • Coral reefs • Estuaries • Deep ocean Major Biomes along the 39th Parallel in the U.S. Three Factors Sustain Life on Earth • One-way flow of high-quality energy beginning with the sun – High quality energy can’t be recycled – Laws of thermodynamics • Cycling of matter or nutrients – Closed system • Gravity • Holds onto atmosphere What Happens to Solar Energy Reaching the Earth? • UV, visible, and infrared energy • Radiation – – – – Absorbed by ozone Absorbed by the earth Reflected by the earth Radiated by the atmosphere as heat • Natural greenhouse effect Ch 3.3: What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem? Do Now: What factors limit the growth of coral? What happens when the conditions for ideal growth are not met? 3-3 What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem? • Concept 3-3A Ecosystems contain living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components. • Concept 3-3B Some organisms produce the nutrients they need, others get their nutrients by consuming other organisms, and some recycle nutrients back to producers by decomposing the wastes and remains of organisms. Ecosystems Have Living and Nonliving Components • Abiotic – – – – – – Water Air Nutrients Rocks Heat Solar energy • Biotic – Living and once living Range of Tolerance Range of Tolerance for a Population of Organisms INSERT FIGURE 3-10 HERE Factors That Limit Population Growth The physical conditions of the environment can limit the distribution of a species. Figure 3-12 Several Abiotic Factors Can Limit Population Growth • Limiting factor principle – Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance What are the limiting factors for each picture? • Ex: precipitation, nutrients, temperature, sunlight, dissolved oxygen, salinity Producers and Consumers Are the Living Components of Ecosystems (1) • Producers, autotrophs – Photosynthesis –(6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 – Chemosynthesis –Without sunlight, hydrothermal vents (Hydrogen sulfide) – Ex: green plants, algae, phytopankton • Consumers, heterotrophs – Primary (herbivores) – Ex: rabbits, grasshoppers, deer, zooplankton – Secondary (carnivores) – Spiders, frogs, some fish – Third and higher level (feed on other carnivores) – Lions, wolves, killer whale, hawks • Omnivore – Plants & animals – Pigs, fox, humans • Decomposers – Final breakdown – Bacteria, fungi • Detritivores – Feed on detritus (waste or dead remains of other living things) – Earthworms, some insects • Aerobic respiration -breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen • Anaerobic respiration, fermentation – Absence of oxygen – End products: methane, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, hydrogen sulfide Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling Sustain Ecosystems and the Biosphere • One-way energy flow • Nutrient cycling of key materials The Main Structural Components of an Ecosystem 3-4 What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem? • Concept 3-4A Energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs. • Concept 3-4B As energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs, the amount of chemical energy available to organisms at each succeeding feeding level decreases. Food Webs & Energy Flow Food chains involve a sequence of organisms, each of which is the food for the next. **ARROW DIRECTION SHOWS FLOW OF ENERGY!!! © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Energy Flows Through Ecosystems in Food Chains and Food Webs • Food chain – Sequence of organisms serving as good source or energy for next • Food web – Complex network of interconnected food chains Food Web Activity • Online Food Web Practice Usable Energy Decreases with Each Link in a Food Chain or Web • Biomass – Dry weight of all organic matter in the organisms – Chemical NRG stored as biomass • Ecological efficiency – Percentage of usable chemical energy transferred as biomass from one tropic level to the next – Average efficiency10% Pyramid of energy flow • Why can the earth support more people if we eat at a lower tropic level? Some Ecosystems Produce Plant Matter Faster Than Others Do • Gross primary productivity (GPP) – Rate at which producers convert solar NRG into chemical NRG as biomass • Net primary productivity (NPP) – Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to produce and store chemical energy minus the rate at which they use some of the energy in aerobic respiration – NPP = GPP - R What are nature’s three most productive and 3 least productive systems? 3-6: How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems? • Do Now: How are the scientists in the following pictures conducting research? What kind of data do you think they are collecting? How will this data be used? 3-6 How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems? • Concept 3-6 Scientists use field research, laboratory research, and mathematical and other models to learn about ecosystems. Some Scientists Study Nature Directly • Field research: “muddy-boots biology” • New technologies available – Remote sensors – Geographic information system (GIS) software – Digital satellite imaging Some Scientists Study Ecosystems in the Laboratory • Simplified systems carried out in – Culture tubes and bottles – Aquaria tanks – Greenhouses – Indoor and outdoor chambers • Supported by field research Some Scientists Use Models to Simulate Ecosystems • Computer simulations and projections • Field and laboratory research needed for baseline data