* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Hormones from Endocrine Glands
Survey
Document related concepts
Hormonal contraception wikipedia , lookup
Bovine somatotropin wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Cryptorchidism wikipedia , lookup
Neuroendocrine tumor wikipedia , lookup
Menstrual cycle wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (menopause) wikipedia , lookup
Xenoestrogen wikipedia , lookup
Endocrine disruptor wikipedia , lookup
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy wikipedia , lookup
Mammary gland wikipedia , lookup
Hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female) wikipedia , lookup
Hyperandrogenism wikipedia , lookup
Adrenal gland wikipedia , lookup
Hyperthyroidism wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Topic 21 Please refer to textbook and notes for this topic. Disorders/diseases (hypo- and hyper-secretions may be listed below). There are also many helpful websites like: http://quizlet.com/10761323/endocrine-system-hormone-list-flash-cards/ Diagram One: Get a general idea of where the pituitary and hypothalamus are situated in humans. Don’t worry about memorizing any other terms on this diagram for this topic Do not label this diagram there is too much info here to label. But look at how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland communicate. Hormones from Endocrine Glands Hypothalamus (these are releasing factors/hormones) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) o Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) o Triggers the release of ACTH. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) o Triggers the release of growth hormone. Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) (somatostatin) o Inhibits growth hormone secretion. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) o Triggers the release of LH and FSH. Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF) o Inhibits prolactin secretion. Pituitary Gland The pituitary can be divided into the anterior and posterior gland. The hormones below are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, except for ADH and oxytocin, which is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones by way of releasing factors (see above). All are anterior lobe hormones unless specified. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) o Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone). Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin (posterior lobe) o Stimulates the reabsorption of water from urine in the kidneys. o It also triggers vasoconstriction. o Both the retention of water and vasoconstriction increases blood pressure. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) o In women, it stimulates the growth of the ovarian follicle. o In men, it stimulates the maturation of sperm in the testes. Growth hormone o Stimulates the synthesis of proteins and growth of cells and tissues. Luteinizing hormone (LH) o In women, it stimulates ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum and production of estrogen and progesterone. o In men, it stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. Oxytocin (posterior lobe) o Stimulates the secretion of milk from the breasts. o Triggers and enhances of uterine contractions. Prolactin o Promotes the development of breasts in women and milk production and secretion. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) o Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine). Pineal Gland The pineal gland was believed to play no significant role in the body and was thought of as a vestigial organ. It is now known that the pineal gland secretes melatonin and related hormones which may play a role in sleep and possibly affect the secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Thyroid Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) o Increases the body’s metabolic rate by acting on most cells. o Made with iodine Calcitonin o Promotes calcium deposition in the bones. o Also reduces the calcium levels present in the blood and tissue fluid. Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH or Parathormone) o Increases calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. o Triggers the release of calcium from the bones. o These two effects increase the calcium concentration in the blood. Adrenal cortex Cortisol: o It is a glucocorticoid that has a wide range of metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects Aldosterone o It is a mineralocorticoid that regulates the concentration of essential electrolytes in the body. It is more sensitive to [Na] than ACTH. Adrenal medulla Norepinephrine and epinephrine o Has the same effects on target organs as stimulation by the sympathetic nerves but is longer lasting. Pancreas Insulin o Acts on cells to increase glucose uptake from the blood. Glucagon o Promotes the release of stored glucose from the liver and production of glucose if necessary. Testes Testosterone o Promotes the development and maturation of the testes, as well as the sexual characteristics of men. Ovaries Estrogen o Promotes tissue development in the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, Fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus and genitalia. o Sustains the development of the corpus luteum, as well as the sexual characteristics of women. Progesterone o Promotes secretory changes in the uterus and fallopian tubes in preparation of pregnancy. o Stimulates the development of milk-producing tissue in the breast but does not stimulate actual breast milk secretion. Thymus Gland The thymus gland in adults seems to have little functionality compared to early life but plays a role in the maturation of immune cells (especially T-cells). It is not an endocrine gland. Thymosin is the hormone made here. See Teacher for details of glands other than endocrine (it may not be included in test #21) The following tissues and organs in the body also produce and secrete hormones but are not endocrine glands. Important SAT hormones * Adipocytes (Fat Cells) Leptin Heart Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Kidney Renin* 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Erythropoietin Placenta Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)* Human somatomammotropin Estrogen* Progesterone* Stomach Gastrin* Ghrelin Discussed under Digestive Hormones Topic Small intestine Secretin* Cholecystokinin (CCK)* SOME DISORDERS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM *important ones for SAT 1. DIABETES MELLITUS: * pancreas does not secrete enough insulin cells cannot absorb glucose low energy levels, sugar in urine, more urine, thirst 1. DIABETES INSIPIDUS: * posterior pituitary does not make enough ADH or its effects are blocked, ADH helps absorb water in the kidneys low ADH causes large volumes of urine 2. HYPERTHYROIDISM (GRAVES DISEASE): * hypersecretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland, thyroid may be malfunctioning or too much TSH from pituitary, increased metabolic rate, inc. heart rate, weight loss, sweating, high B.P., eyeballs protrude, person may always feel hot 3. HYPOTHYROIDISM (GOITER): * an iodine deficiency causes less thyroxine to be released by the thyroid gland thus causing low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold, slow pulse, puffy, also low thyroxine breaks the negative feedback loop thus the pituitary keeps releasing TSH causing the thyroid to swell up 4. HYPOTHYROIDISM (CRETINISM): in babies normal thyroxine levels at birth via the mother through the placenta low thyroxine after birth abnormal bone development, mental retardation, low body temp., lethargy, stunted growth 5. HYPOTHYROIDISM (MYXEDEMA): in adults low thyroxine low metabolic rate, lethargy, weight gain, edema, hair loss 6. DWARFISM: * the anterior pituitary does not release enough growth hormone reduced muscle and bone growth, stunted 7. GIGANTISM/GIANTISM: * the anterior pituitary releases too much growth hormone bones and muscles grow to abnormally large sizes 8. SADS (Seasonal Affective Disorder): pineal gland behind the eye releases too much melatonin cells prepare for winter, sleepy, sad, tired, gain weight, depressed 9. ACROMEGALY: * anterior pituitary releases too much growth hormone after the growth plates have fused together, bones can no longer grow in length but instead widen & thicken Below is extra information used in class to discuss the physiology of the endocrine system: