Download Yr9 Revision Geography 2016 June

Year 9 Geography Revision
What is the Earth made up of?
The earth is just like a giant apple. It
has a thin layer called the crust, a
softer part called the mantle and a
liquid centre called the core.
Some time after the earth formed, it got
so hot that everything inside it melted.
The heavier substances in the liquid
sank and the lighter ones rose, forming
layers. As the earth cooled, most of the
layers turned solid.
Earth was formed 4,600 million years
ago. Since then it has been slowly
cooling down and a thin crust has
formed round the outside.
The crust is broken into several
enormous sections. The plates float
above hot molten. The place where 2
sections/plates meet is called a plate
boundary. The movement of these plate
cause volcanoes & earthquakes.
Earthquakes
An earthquake is a sudden and short
period of intense ground shaking.
1. Mercalli Scale
•The earthquakes
intensity is split into
twelve groups.
•Roman numerals I to
XII are used to show
the effects.
•It is based on
observation and
opinions.
2. Richter Scale
•This measures seismic
waves using a
seismograph.
•The Richter scale is
logarithmic: an
earthquake measured
at 7 is 10x stronger than
that at 6.
•Numbers range from 0
to 9
Earthquakes start at the focus.
The epicentre is the point on the Earth’s
surface above the focus, and is the first
place to shake.
The focus can be shallow or deep.
Underground tectonic plates push past
each other, building up pressure.
This pressure is suddenly released
along faults (cracks in the crust),
sending out a huge pulse of energy.
This travels out in all directions as
earthquake waves.
Volcanoes
A volcano has different parts to it. It grows
and each is different, but they all have
certain features including a chamber, a vent
and a crater. When they erupt, it can cause
many problems for the people who live
there. We saw that many people died when
Mount Vesuvius erupted, but there was a
sequence from not seeming too bad, to
everything destroyed. People have their own
reasons for living near to them. These
include:
1. They have always lived there.
2. They don’t think it will happen to them.
3. The fields are very rich in plant foods from
the ash.
United
Kingdom
China
ASIA
EUROPE
AFRICA
EQUATOR
EQUATOR
Austral
asia
Where on earth is
China?
One Child Policy
With a population of 1.2 billion, China's population grows by 14 million people every year —
three-quarters of Australia's entire population! Up until the 1970s the Chinese government
regarded a growing population as a benefit in bringing about economic development. By 1963,
the average number of children born to a Chinese woman was 7.5.
In recent decades, China's government has viewed population growth differently. With one-fifth
of the world's population, but only 7 per cent of the world's farm land, continuing strong
population growth would bring about great hardships, extreme poverty and famine.
The Chinese government decided in the 1970s to control population growth. This has proved a
very complex task. The main strategy the government introduced in 1982 was a radical family
planning program to encourage couples to restrict their family size to just one child. This has
become known as the 'One Child Policy'. Since 1982, detailed annual population plans have
been drawn up for all provinces and cities. Birth targets or quotas have been set and controlled
and all pregnancies are supposed to be planned and authorised.
Because the One Child Policy is implemented and monitored by local authorities, it has been
applied differently across the nation. For example, there has been stricter enforcement of the
policy in urban areas than in rural areas.
The policy is attempting a huge shift in the values of most Chinese people. Government
campaigns are still achieving only limited success.
Policy incentives
• salary bonus (urban)
• bigger land allocation (rural)
• extended maternity leave
• paid medical and hospital expenses
• priority access to housing, employment and schooling for the child
Disobeying the policy
• withdrawal of family allowance and medical benefits
• fines (even against everyone in the village or town)
• demotion or discharge from a government job
Exceptions to the rule
• membership of a minority ethnic group (can be allowed two or even more children)
• having a first child with a disability that is likely to result in inability to work
• pregnancy after adopting a child
• risk of 'losing the family line' without a second child (the first child being a girl)
• rural families with 'real difficulties' (all children so far being girls)
Rich people should
share their wealth
with the less
fortunate.
Churches and
religion may be
banned.
In a
communist
society
workers had
to work very
hard, for
long hours,
without much
rewards.
In communism
everybody is
guaranteed a
job, so there is
no
unemployment.
In a communist
society. The
state controls
all newspapers, books,
films and radio
programmes.
Basic Communist
Principles
* One Party
Dictatorship
* Industries and farms
owned and run by the
state
*No individual ownership
of property
* Individuals lives
tightly controlled.
Communist countries provide
free education, health
services and subsidised food
to millions of people who were
denied these under the old
Capitalist system.
Transport was cheap,
rents were cheap,
housing was cheap, and
most people had a job.
Communism did bring certain
things - a sense of community,
and a sense of society.
Although Capitalism is good at
manufacturing products. It is
unsuccessful at distributing products.
Only if you can afford the product, you
can have it. In America, only the rich
can afford the best health care,
schools and universities. Think about
the way our country is heading?? High
university bills? Private healthcare?
Capitalism is seen to make
"Considerable progress" on
ending poverty.
Factories and companies
should be owned by
individuals because…
People should be free to
earn as much (or little)
money as they want.
In a Capitalist
society you a
free to vote
for whatever
party you want.
Capitalism encourages people to
invent, improve and advance
technology.
Capitalism - An economic system that
features private ownership of the means of
production (such as factories, offices, and
shipping enterprises). Market forces
determine the way in which goods are
produced and the means by which income
and profit are distributed is called
capitalism.
Work for profit and wages which are not
equal
Capitalism is good at
mass producing and
allows competition in
the economy. With
capitalism you can
buy the cheapest
thing available.
Capitalism and
Democracy are usually
linked, A democracy is
a form of government
in which the people,
either directly or
indirectly, take part in
governing. The word
democracy originates
from Greek, and means
rule of the people.
The government may
set few controls on the
economy to ensure it
runs successfully (tax,
interest rates)
The gap
between
rich and
poor is
already too
large.
The government have
said by 2020 no-one in
China would need to
worry about food and
clothing.
Some 27 million people
were classified as rural
poor last year by the
government, earning less
than 55 cents a day (30p)
China
now has
more
billionai
res than
any
other
country
except
the USA.
Girls are also
more at risk
than boys of
becoming
poor.
Is there poverty
in China?
Those classified as poor are
entitled to government help such
as subsidies, job training,
discounted loans and employment
opportunities
Definitions of Tourism
‘The movement of people to places outside their normal places of work and
community, the activities carried out during their holiday, and the
facilities created to meet to their needs.’
‘The act of moving outside one's home community for business or pleasure but
not for commuting or travelling to or from school.’
‘Persons travelling for pleasure in a period no less than 24 hours.’
‘Being away from your usual habitat, the industry which responds to his needs,
and the impacts that both he and the industry have on the environments.’
‘Activity of people traveling away from their home community to take part in one
or more of a variety of activities.’
Ecotourism is environmentally
responsible travel to enjoy and
appreciate nature and cultural
experiences. Ecotourism should
have low impact on the
environment and should
contribute to the well-being of
local people.
The Galapagos Islands are a small chain of islands
found 1,000km from the West coast of South America.
They are Ecuadorian, and are home to an incredible
array of animals and plants.
The Galapagos Islands are most
famous because many of the plants
and animals found there are not
found anywhere else in the world.
This is because the islands are
isolated or cut off from the rest of the
World’s land mass by the Pacific
Ocean, allowing the plants and
animals to EVOLVE in their own way
for hundreds of thousands of years. .
The Government of Ecuador
has been helpful in
protecting the Galapagos
Islands. In recent years,
though they have reduce the
finances and proper
planning. A ‘Special Law for
the Galapagos’ has been
created to protect the
environment.
Approximately 90% of the Islands are
designated as National parks and there
are only 20,000 permanent human
residents (although this has risen from
9,000 only 20 years ago), allowing for a
high degree of protection of the
environment. The area became the
first UNESCO World Heritage site in
1979 and they are also a biosphere
reserve.
The Galapagos Islands represent
a place in the world were
ECOTOURISM takes place. This
is environmentally friendly
tourism where the people
involved seek to protect the
environment as much as
possible and to allow for some
level of education as well. In
many cases of ecotourism,
some of the profits go back into
protecting the environment and
the tourism is small scale, with
low visitor number densities and
environmental approaches to
accommodation and food.
However, local people make a
valuable living from tourism and
there are few other employment
opportunities available. Tourists
also generate a lot of businesses
in the local economy as guides,
restraints, hotels, boats owners
and cleaners all benefit
The Galapagos are run along these
lines because;
Tourists visit under strict rules
- They can only visit on small ships of
10 to 16 tourists, most of which are
owned by local people
-The tourists can only visit a limited
number of places on the Islands, thus
protecting the rest of the Islands
-The tourists are only allowed to visit
in small numbers.
-Visitors also receive information on
how to conserve the Islands prior to
their departure to the Islands.
- They also have to pay a £25 fee to
promote conservation on the Islands
Another example, is the ecotourism
lodge in Puerto Maldonado in Peru,
where tours of the Amazon forest take
place for tourists staying in small
wooden huts there is limited
electricity and waste is dealt with on
site, and the food at the resort is
sourced locally.
Despite all of this, there are still some problems from the overuse of
some sites (honey pot sites), oil spills from boats, and pollution to the
Islands water supply and the water supply is put under pressure from
the tourists use
The UK tourist
areas are
overcrowded.
School holidays now
exist.
People have become
wealthier.
Reasons why tourism has
increased in the past century.
People have more
leisure time.
Transport has improved
so it is easier to travel.
People don’t see
families anymore.
TV & Internet show us
what countries are
like
What are the
issues here?
Movie tourism is when a
destination or attraction
is visited due to it being
featured in a film, on
television or in a book
EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS
Locations with particularly difficult
environments where the
development of tourism has only
recently occurred due to a niche
market demand for somewhere
different with physical challenges
.
Climate Change - Key Words
Climate Change
any change in global temperatures and precipitation
(rainfall) over time, due to natural or human activity
Greenhouse Effect
The process whereby gases trap heat in the Earth’s
atmosphere, causing the world to warm up
Enhanced
greenhouse effect
The process whereby an increased amount of greenhouse
gases (because of human activity) trap more heat in the
Earth’s atmosphere, causing the world to warm up at a
quicker rate
Global Warming
the gradual warming of the Earth’s atmosphere
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
A greenhouse gas that is found in the Earth’s atmosphere
Fossil fuels
Examples are coal, oil and gas. They are made from the
remains dead plants and animals over millions of year.
When they are burnt, C02 gases are released
Greenhouse gas
Gases that pollute that atmosphere, including C02,
methane, and water vapour
Atmosphere
A layer around the earth, made up of greenhouse gases.
This layer acts as a blanket to insulate earth (keep it warm)