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COMORBIDITY <8> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2006008654 Authors Harrington J.J. Avidan A.Y. Institution (Avidan) Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health Systems, 8D-8702 University Hospital, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Treatment of sleep disorders in elderly patients. Source Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 7(5)(pp 339-352), 2005. Date of Publication: Sep 2005. Abstract Sleep disorders are common among the elderly and are associated with diminished quality of life, increased risk for development of psychiatric disorders, inappropriate use of sleep aids, and decreased daytime functioning. The most common and important sleep disorders in the elderly include insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and the advanced sleep phase syndrome. In this article, we summarize the current treatment strategies for each of these sleep-related disorders. Before contemplating specific treatments, the authors recommend that more conservative and nonpharmacologic therapies be attempted first because the elderly are more likely to have medication side effects or complications related to surgery. Many sleep problems can be treated by simple sleep hygiene modifications that can be implemented and adopted easily. For others, therapies that specifically consider older adults may be required. For each of the sleep disorders we provide an updated discussion of therapies beginning with diet and lifestyle, pharmacologic treatment, interventional procedures, surgery, assistive devices, physical and speech therapy, exercise, and emerging therapies with specific considerations for older adults. Copyright copyright 2005 by Current Science Inc. ISSN 1092-8480 Publication Type Journal: Review Journal Name Current Treatment Options in Neurology Volume 7 Issue Part 5 Page 339-352 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Sep 2005 COMORBIDITY <9> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2006007272 Authors Maki P. Veijola J. Jones P.B. Murray G.K. Koponen H. Tienari P. Miettunen J. Tanskanen P. Wahlberg K.E. Koskinen J. Lauronen E. Isohanni M. Institution (Maki, Veijola, Koponen, Tienari, Miettunen, Tanskanen, Wahlberg, Koskinen, Lauronen, Isohanni) Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Finland. (Maki, Veijola, Koponen, Miettunen) Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Finland. (Veijola, Koponen) Muurola Psychiatric Hospital, Finland. (Jones, Murray) Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. (Tanskanen) Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, (Maki) Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Predictors of schizophrenia - A review. Source British Medical Bulletin. 73-74(pp 1-15), 2005. Date of Publication: 2005. Abstract Schizophrenia is an aetiologically heterogeneous syndrome that usually becomes overtly manifest in adolescence and early adulthood, but in many cases subtle impairments in neurointegrative function are present from birth; hence it is considered to be a disorder with a neurodevelopmental component. The strongest risk factor that has been identified is familial risk with genetic loading. Other risk factors include pregnancy and delivery complications, infections during pregnancy, disturbances of early neuromotor and cognitive development and heavy cannabis use in adolescence. Unfortunately, to date it has not been possible to utilize the predictors of the disorder that have been identified in primary preventative interventions in a general population. However, some authors have claimed that in future it might be possible to reduce the risk for developing schizophrenia through general health policy. In clinical settings, it is helpful to map out possible early risk factors, at least familial risk for psychosis, especially in child, adolescent and young adult mental patients. Furthermore, in the future we may have predictive models combining data from genetic factors for schizophrenia, antenatal risk factors, childhood and adolescent development and clinical symptomatology, as well as brain structural and functional abnormalities. copyright The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The British Medical Society. All rights reserved. ISSN 0007-1420 Publication Type Journal: Review Journal Name British Medical Bulletin Volume 73-74 Page 1-15 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication 2005 COMORBIDITY <10> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2006002500 Authors Quanbeck C.D. McDermott B.E. Frye M.A. Institution (Quanbeck) Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Psychiatry and the Law, University of California, Davis, 2230 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Clinical and legal characteristics of inmates with bipolar disorders. Source Current Psychiatry Reports. 7(6)(pp 478-484), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec 2005. Abstract Individuals with bipolar disorder are at an increased risk of criminal arrest compared with those in the population at large. The combination of manic symptoms and substance abuse seem to be the primary illness factors for this increased risk, and the public mental health system has faced challenges in treating these patients successfully in community settings. To decrease the risk for arrest in bipolar patients, clinicians can screen and refer patients for substance use disorders, stabilize mania in hospital settings, and take measures to improve outpatient adherence in the postmanic hospitalization period. Psychiatric advance directives, new developments in civil commitment law, and mental health courts are legal mechanisms that may be critical in preventing the criminalization of those with bipolar disorder. Copyright copyright 2005 by Current Science Inc. ISSN 1523-3812 Publication Type Journal: Review Journal Name Current Psychiatry Reports Volume 7 Issue Part 6 Page 478-484 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Dec 2005 COMORBIDITY <13> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005566625 Authors Carpentier P.J. De Jong C.A.J. Dijkstra B.A.G. Verbrugge C.A.G. Krabbe P.F.M. Institution (Carpentier, De Jong, Dijkstra, Verbrugge) Novadic-Kentron, Network for Addiction Treatment Services, SintOedenrode, Netherlands. (De Jong, Dijkstra) Nijmegen Institute for Scientists-Practitioners in Addiction, Nijmegen, Netherlands. (Krabbe) Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Medical Technology Assessment, Nijmegen, Netherlands. (Carpentier) Novadic-Kentron, Schijndelseweg 46, 5491 TB Sint-Oedenrode, Netherlands. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title A controlled trial of methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. Source Addiction. 100(12)(pp 1868-1874), 2005. Date of Publication: Dec 2005. Abstract Aims: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common among adult patients with substance use disorders. The benefits of treating ADHD in these patients are uncertain and the prescription of psychostimulants is disputed, because of the risk of abuse. This study examined the short-term effectiveness of methylphenidate treatment for ADHD in adults with substance use disorders. Design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple cross-over (A-BA-B design) comparative trial of methylphenidate versus placebo. Setting: In-patient addiction treatment facility. Participants: Twenty-five patients with ADHD who were receiving in-patient treatment for various substance use disorders. Intervention: During the course of 8 weeks, each participant completed two phases of placebo and two phases of active medication treatment, in a fixed low-dosage schedule (up to 0.6 mg/kg/day). Abstinence was maintained during the study. Measurements: The outcome measure was ADHD symptomatology, as measured with the ADHD rating scale-IV. The results were compared using MANOVA repeated measures. Findings: Nineteen of the 25 patients completed the trial. A significant reduction in ADHD symptoms was observed in the first week in both conditions. The positive response to active treatment (nine patients; 36%) was not significantly higher than that to placebo (five patients; 20%). Conclusions: In this small pilot study, the effect of low-dose methylphenidate in adult ADHD patients with concomitant substance use disorders is limited. ADHD symptoms in adults were susceptible to a distinct short-term placebo response. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Addiction Volume 100 Issue Part 12 Page 1868-1874 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Dec 2005 COMORBIDITY <322> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005256058 Authors Sood A.B. Razdan A. Weller E.B. Weller R.A. Institution (Sood) Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems, 515 North 10th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title How to differentiate bipolar disorder from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other common psychiatric disorders: A guide for Clinicians. Source Current Psychiatry Reports. 7(2)(pp 98-103), 2005. Date of Publication: Apr 2005. Abstract Bipolar disorder in children often is confused with attention deficit disorder, substanceinduced mood disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. It is not uncommon for some of these disorders to be comorbid with pediatric bipolar disorder. This article provides the reader with a review of the existing literature on differentiating these illnesses and recognizing the phenomenology of each disorder as it pertains to a psychiatric diagnostic work-up of a child. Clinically helpful overlapping and unique characteristics of each disorder are discussed and a practical approach to differentiate these disorders is provided. Copyright copyright 2005 by Current Science Inc. ISSN 1523-3812 Publication Type Journal: Review Journal Name Current Psychiatry Reports Volume 7 Issue Part 2 Page 98-103 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Apr 2005 COMORBIDITY <333> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005248203 Authors Burns L. Teesson M. O'Neill K. Institution (Burns, Teesson) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. (O'Neill) Drug and Alcohol Service, Ryde Hospital, Fourth Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title The impact of comorbid anxiety and depression on alcohol treatment outcomes. Source Addiction. 100(6)(pp 787-796), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005. Abstract Aims: This study examines the impact of comorbid Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) anxiety and/or depression on out-patient treatment for alcohol problems. Design: A prospective correlational design. Participants and settings: Seventy-one clients seeking alcohol out-patient treatment at two treatment sites were interviewed at commencement of a treatment episode for alcohol problems and reinterviewed using the same measures 3 months later. Comorbid DSM-IV anxiety and/or depression were measured by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), a comprehensive interview developed by the World Health Organization to assess current and life-time prevalence of mental disorders. Outcome measures included standardized measures of disability [the short form (SF)-12 Mental Health Summary Score and the number of days taken out of role] and the average amount of alcohol consumed. Clients were also asked to rate their satisfaction with the services received. Findings: Participants with comorbid DSM-IV anxiety and/or depressive disorders were more disabled and drank more heavily than those without these comorbid disorders at entry to treatment. At 3-month follow-up both groups of participants (i.e. those with and without DSM- IV comorbid anxiety and/or depression) were significantly less disabled and also drank significantly less alcohol on an average drinking occasion than at baseline. Despite this, the comorbid group remained more disabled and drank more heavily than the non-comorbid group at follow-up. Conclusions: Further research is needed to determine the most appropriate model of care for alcohol treatment seekers with comorbid DSM-IV anxiety and/or depression. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Addiction Volume 100 Issue Part 6 Page 787-796 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Jun 2005 COMORBIDITY <372> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005212917 Authors Ferdinand R.F. Sondeijker F. Van Der Ende J. Selten J.-P. Huizink A. Verhulst F.C. Institution (Ferdinand, Sondeijker, Van Der Ende, Huizink, Verhulst) Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands. (Selten) Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands. (Ferdinand) Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Dr Molewaterplein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, Netherlands. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Cannabis use predicts future psychotic symptoms, and vice versa. Source Addiction. 100(5)(pp 612-618), 2005. Date of Publication: May 2005. Abstract Aims: To assess if cannabis use is a risk factor for future psychotic symptoms, and vice versa, in adolescents and young adults from the general population. Design: Cohort study. Setting/participants: 'Zuid Holland' study, a 14-year follow-up study of 1580 initially 4-16-yearolds who were drawn randomly from the Dutch general population. Because cannabis use is generally condoned in the Netherlands, false-negative reports of cannabis use may occur less frequently than in countries with stricter drug policies, which supports the value of the present study. Measurements: Life-time cannabis use and psychotic symptoms, assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Findings: Cannabis use, in individuals who did not have psychotic symptoms before they began using cannabis, predicted future psychotic symptoms (hazard ratio = 2.81; 95% confidence interval = 1.79-4.43). However, psychotic symptoms in those who had never used cannabis before the onset of psychotic symptoms also predicted future cannabis use (hazard ratio = 1.70; 95% confidence interval = 1.13-2.57). Conclusions: The results imply either a common vulnerability with varying order of onset or a bi-directional causal relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. More research on patterns and timings of these relationships is needed to narrow down the possibilities. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Addiction Volume 100 Issue Part 5 Page 612-618 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication May 2005 COMORBIDITY <378> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005203795 Authors Benjamin L. Wulfert E. Institution (Benjamin, Wulfert) Department of Psychology, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States. (Benjamin) Columbia University, 3022 Broadway, 311 Uris Hall, New York, NY 10027, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Dispositional correlates of addictive behaviors in college women: Binge eating and heavy drinking. Source Eating Behaviors. 6(3)(pp 197-209), 2005. Date of Publication: Jun 2005. Abstract Binge eating and alcohol abuse are often conceptualized as addictive behaviors. As these behaviors are relatively common among undergraduate college women, we examined whether common dispositional variables underlie their occurrence. Three hundred and thirtyfive undergraduate women completed self-report questionnaires about their eating and alcohol use habits as well as dispositional measures of impulsivity, tolerance of deviance, self-esteem, rejection sensitivity, extraversion-introversion, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. Multiple regression analyses showed that women who either binge eat or abuse alcohol, but not both, have similar dispositional characteristics. Both groups exhibited a high degree of impulsivity and endorsed socially deviant attitudes; thus, both groups could be viewed as "externalizers." In contrast, women who admitted to both addictive behaviors, i.e., binge eating as well as alcohol abuse, were not particularly impulsive or socially deviant, but manifested a high degree of emotional instability ("neuroticism"); thus, these women might be considered "internalizers." The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed. copyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ISSN 1471-0153 Publication Type Journal: Review Journal Name Eating Behaviors Volume 6 Issue Part 3 Page 197-209 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Jun 2005 COMORBIDITY <386> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005193488 Authors Kalman D. Morissette S.B. George T.P. Institution (Kalman, Morissette) Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States. (Kalman) E. Nourse Rogers Vet. Aff. Med. Ctr., Bedford, MA, United States. (Morissette) Anxiety Disord. Clin./Psychol. Serv., VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States. (George) Division of Substance Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States. (George) Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Substance Abuse Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Co-morbidity of smoking in patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders. Source American Journal on Addictions. 14(2)(pp 106-123), 2005. Date of Publication: Mar 2005. Abstract This article reviews cigarette smoking in patients with psychiatric disorders (PD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Rates of smoking are approximately 23% in the U.S. population but approximately two- to four-fold higher in patients with PD and SUD. Many remaining smokers have had repeated smoking cessation failures, possibly due to the presence of co-morbid PD and SUDs. There is modest, evidence-based support for effective treatment interventions for nicotine addiction in PD and SUD. Further research is needed to increase our understanding of nicotine addiction in PD and SUD and develop more effective treatment interventions. ISSN 1055-0496 Publication Type Journal: Review Journal Name American Journal on Addictions Volume 14 Issue Part 2 Page 106-123 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Mar 2005 COMORBIDITY <115> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005462220 Authors Salloum I.M. Cornelius J.R. Douaihy A. Kirisci L. Daley D.C. Kelly T.M. Institution (Salloum, Cornelius, Douaihy, Daley, Kelly) Western Psychiatric Institute, Clinic of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States. (Kirisci) Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Patient characteristics and treatment implications of marijuana abuse among bipolar alcoholics: Results from a double blind, placebo-controlled study. Source Addictive Behaviors. 30(9)(pp 1702-1708), 2005. Date of Publication: Oct 2005. Abstract Objective: Marijuana abuse, primarily a disorder of adolescents and young adults, is highly prevalent among patients with severely ill psychiatric population, especially those with bipolar disorder. Additional marijuana abuse may impact on the clinical presentation of bipolar illness and may potentially act as mediator of treatment response in this population. However, the characterization of bipolar disorder patients with additional marijuana abuse and the impact of such abuse on treatment outcome has been rarely examined. The aim of this study was to characterize bipolar alcoholic patients with comorbid marijuana abuse and test the impact of marijuana abuse on alcohol and mood outcome of patients with bipolar disorder and comorbid alcohol dependence. Method: We conducted secondary analyses of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial testing valproate in 52 bipolar alcoholics. Subjects had a comprehensive assessment at baseline using structured diagnostic assessments, and they were then assessed every 2 weeks for 24 weeks. Results: Twenty-five subjects (48%) reported marijuana abuse. Those with co-occurring marijuana abuse were younger, had fewer years of education, and had significantly higher number of additional psychiatric comorbidity. They also had more severe alcohol and other drug use and were significantly more likely to present in the manic phase. The mixed model indicated that the placebo-treated marijuana abuse group had the worst alcohol use outcome. Conclusions: Marijuana abuse among patients with bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence is associated with higher degree of severity of alcohol and other drugs of abuse and may negatively impact on alcohol treatment outcome. copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ISSN 0306-4603 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Addictive Behaviors Volume 30 Issue Part 9 Page 1702-1708 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Oct 2005 COMORBIDITY <117> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005461768 Authors Green B. Young R. Kavanagh D. Institution (Green) Community Forensic Mental Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. (Young) School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland of University of Technology, Carseldine, QLD, Australia. (Kavanagh) Department of Psychiatry, Central Clinical Division, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. (Green) Community Forensic Mental Health Service, 42 Albert Street, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Cannabis use and misuse prevalence among people with psychosis. Source British Journal of Psychiatry. 187(OCT.)(pp 306-313), 2005. Date of Publication: Oct 2005. Abstract Background: Increasing attention has been given by researchers to cannabis use in individuals with psychosis. As psychoses are relatively low-prevalence disorders, research has been mostly been restricted to small-scale studies of treatment samples. The reported prevalence estimates obtained from these studies vary widely. Aims: To provide prevalence estimates based on larger samples and to examine sources of variability in prevalence estimates across studies. Method: Data from 53 studies of treatment samples and 5 epidemiological studies were analysed. Results: Based on treatment sample data, prevalence estimates were calculated for current use (23.0%), current misuse (11.3%), 12-month use (29.2%), 12-month misuse (18.8%), lifetime use (42.1%) and lifetime misuse (22.5%). Epidemiological studies consistently reported higher cannabis use and misuse prevalence in people with psychosis. Conclusions: The factor most consistently associated with increased odds of cannabis prevalence was specificity of diagnosis. Factors such as consumption patterns and study design merit further consideration. ISSN 0007-1250 Publication Type Journal: Review Journal Name British Journal of Psychiatry Volume 187 Issue Part OCT. Page 306-313 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Oct 2005 COMORBIDITY <157> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005419164 Authors Stein M.D. Solomon D.A. Anderson B.J. Herman D.S. Anthony J.L. Brown R.A. Ramsey S.E. Miller I.W. Institution (Stein, Anderson, Herman, Ramsey) Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, United States. (Solomon, Anthony, Brown, Miller) Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, United States. (Stein) Division of General Internal Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Persistence of antidepressant treatment effects in a pharmacotherapy plus psychotherapy trial for active injection drug users. Source American Journal on Addictions. 14(4)(pp 346-357), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy reduces reported depressive symptoms compared to an assessment only condition for active drug injectors over nine months. Using a randomised controlled trial at an outpatient academic research office, the researchers applied psychotherapy (eight sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy) plus pharmacotherapy (citalopram) to active injection drug users with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression, dysthymia, substance-induced mood disorder with symptoms persisting for at least three months, or major depression plus dysthymia, and a Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (MHRSD) score greater than 13. The MHRSD scale scores were then assessed at the completion of three, six, and nine months. Participants (n = 109) were 64% male and 82% Caucasian, with a mean baseline MHRSD score of 20.7. Depression subtypes included major depression only (63%), substance-induced depression (17%), and double-depression (17%). Study retention at nine months was 89%. At the completion of three months of acute treatment, 26% of combined treatment patients (n = 53), compared to 12% of control patients (n = 56), were in remission (p = .047). At both six and nine months, the between-group differences in remission rates and mean MHRSD scores were insignificant, although the overall mean MHRSD score decreased from baseline (p < .01). At all follow-up assessments, depression remission was significantly associated with lower heroin use. Among active drug injectors diagnosed with depression, symptoms decline over time. Combined treatment is superior to an assessment-only condition in depression remission rates at the end-of-treatment, but this difference does not persist. Copyright copyright American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. ISSN 1055-0496 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name American Journal on Addictions Volume 14 Issue Part 4 Page 346-357 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Jul 2005 COMORBIDITY <160> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005419161 Authors Wilens T.E. Kwon A. Tanguay S. Chase R. Moore H. Faraone S.V. Biederman J. Institution (Faraone) Clinical Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States. (Faraone) Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States. (Wilens) Yawkey Center for Outpatient Care, YAW-6-6A, 32 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Characteristics of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder plus substance use disorder: The role of psychiatric comorbidity. Source American Journal on Addictions. 14(4)(pp 319-327), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005. Abstract The objective of the study was to investigate the characteristics of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or substance use disorder (SUD), especially in the context of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Subjects were adults (n = 78) participating in a controlled family study of ADHD and SUD. Four groups were identified based on a diagnosis of ADHD or SUD: ADHD, SUD, ADHD + SUD, and neither ADHD nor SUD. All diagnoses were determined by structured clinical interview for DSM IV. Rates of psychiatric comorbidity were lowest in the controls, intermediate in the ADHD and SUD groups, and highest in the ADHD + SUD group. Relative to controls, the ADHD, SUD, and ADHD + SUD groups had higher rates of major depression (z = 1.98, p = 0.05), conduct disorder (z = 2.0, p = 0.04), antisocial personality disorder (z = 2.6, p = 0.009), agoraphobia (z = 2.5, p = 0.01) and social phobia (z = 2.7, p = 0.007). Higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity, especially mood and anxiety disorders, exist in subjects with SUD + ADHD relative to subjects with SUD, ADHD, or controls. Clinicians need to be attentive to other psychiatric disorders that may occur in the large group of adults with ADHD + SUD. Copyright copyright American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. ISSN 1055-0496 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name American Journal on Addictions Volume 14 Issue Part 4 Page 319-327 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Jul 2005 COMORBIDITY <169> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005416497 Authors Koller G. Engel R.R. Preuss U.W. Karakesisoglou A. Zill P. Bondy B. Soyka M. Institution (Koller) Substitutionsambulanz, Pestalozzistrasse 2, 80469 Munchen, Germany. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Tryptophan hydroxylase gene 1 polymorphisms are not associated with suicide attempts in alcohol-dependent individuals. Source Addiction Biology. 10(3)(pp 269-273), 2005. Date of Publication: Sep 2005. Abstract A serotonergic dysfunction was suggested to be involved into the biological susceptibility of suicidal behaviour. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, is a significant regulating factor in the serotonergic system. Recently the A6526G, and G-5806T and A-779C polymorphisms of the TPH 1 gene were identified and suggested to be associated with suicidal behaviour, but study results are conflicting. We examined a possible association of the A-6526G, and G-5806T and A-779C polymorphisms with suicide attempts in a sample of 80 alcohol-dependent individuals with a history of at least one suicide attempt. This group was analysed in comparison with 241 alcohol-dependent subjects without such a history. No significant relationship between haplotype and genotype distribution and allele frequencies of these polymorphisms with suicide attempts were detected. Furthermore, no association with number of suicide attempts and TPH haplotypes were found. Our data do not support the hypothesis of A-6526G, G-5806T or A-779C polymorphisms to be associated with suicide attempts in alcohol-dependent individuals. copyright Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs. ISSN 1355-6215 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Addiction Biology Volume 10 Issue Part 3 Page 269-273 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Sep 2005 COMORBIDITY <177> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005402374 Authors Henquet C. Murray R. Linszen D. Van Os J. Institution (Henquet, Van Os) Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. (Murray, Van Os) Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom. (Linszen) Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title The environment and schizophrenia: The role of cannabis use. Source Schizophrenia Bulletin. 31(3)(pp 608-612), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005. Abstract Cannabis use is associated with poor outcome in existing schizophrenia and may precipitate psychosis in individuals with preexisting liability. To investigate the overall effect size and consistency of the association between cannabis and psychosis, a meta-analysis from prospective studies was carried out. The pooled odds ratio was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.7-2.5) and could not be explained by confounding or reverse causality. Evidence suggests that cannabis is a component cause in the development and prognosis of psychosis, in which mechanisms of gene-environment interaction are most likely to explain this association. Potential new methods to directly link genetic liability to the effects of cannabis are discussed. copyright The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. ISSN 0586-7614 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Schizophrenia Bulletin Volume 31 Issue Part 3 Page 608-612 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Jul 2005 COMORBIDITY <183> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005401654 Authors Thomasius R. Petersen K.U. Zapletalova P. Wartberg L. Zeichner D. Schmoldt A. Institution (Thomasius, Petersen, Zapletalova, Wartberg, Zeichner) Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. (Schmoldt) Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. (Thomasius) Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrae 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Mental disorders in current and former heavy ecstasy (MDMA) users. Source Addiction. 100(9)(pp 1310-1319), 2005. Date of Publication: Sep 2005. Abstract Background: Ecstasy use has often been found to be associated with psychopathology, yet this research has so far been based largely on subjective symptom ratings. Aims: To investigate whether ecstasy users suffered from long-term psychopathological consequences. Measurements: We compared the prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) mental disorders in 30 current and 29 former ecstasy users, 29 polydrug and 30 drug-naive controls. Groups were approximately matched by age, gender and level of education. The current ecstasy users reported a life-time dose of an average of 821 and the former ecstasy users of 768 ecstasy tablets. Findings: Ecstasy users did not significantly differ from controls in the prevalence of mental disorders, except those related to substance use. Substance-induced affective, anxiety and cognitive disorders occurred more frequently among ecstasy users than polydrug controls. The life-time prevalence of ecstasy dependence amounted to 73% in the ecstasy user groups. More than half of the former ecstasy users and nearly half of the current ecstasy users met the criteria of substance-induced cognitive disorders at the time of testing. Logistic regression analyses showed the estimated life-time doses of ecstasy to be predictive of cognitive disorders, both current and life-time. Conclusions: The motivation for ecstasy use is not likely to be self-medication of pre-existing depressive or anxiety disorders as these did not occur more frequently in the ecstasy users than in control groups or in the general population. Cognitive disorders still present after over 5 months of ecstasy abstinence may well be functional consequences of serotonergic neurotoxicity of 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Addiction Volume 100 Issue Part 9 Page 1310-1319 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Sep 2005 COMORBIDITY <203> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005381970 Authors Brink J. Institution (Brink) Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Port Coquitlam, BC, Canada. (Brink) Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission, 70 Colony Farm Road, Port Coquitlam, BC V3C 5X9, Canada. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Epidemiology of mental illness in a correctional system. Source Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 18(5)(pp 536-541), 2005. Date of Publication: Sep 2005. Abstract Purpose of review: Reports of higher than community rates of mental disorder in incarcerated populations first appeared in the mid-1970s. These findings have been confirmed over the past three decades in numerous studies across a wide spectrum of forensic settings. Recent research has benefited from enhanced methodological sophistication, and reliable rates across clinical domains and divergent forensic population groups are now available. This article reviews the literature on the prevalence of mental illness in forensic settings over the past 10 years, with special reference to specific subgroups. Recent findings: Overall rates of any mental disorder, including personality disorder and addiction, remain high, in general ranging between 55% and 80%. The findings of recent, systematic surveys and of 22 studies reviewed here reveal rates of psychosis that are several times higher in correctional settings than in the community. Mood disorder rates are elevated also, with higher morbidity reported for women than for men. Findings in specialized populations indicate similarly elevated rates of mental disorder among adolescent and geriatric prisoners, while addiction rates rank highest across all population domains. Summary: The prevalence of psychiatric illness in correctional settings is significantly elevated, with higher than community rates reported for most mental disorders. It is estimated that in the USA one in five incarcerated persons is afflicted with major psychiatric illness; with an estimated 9-10 million persons imprisoned worldwide, the burden of psychiatric illness in this vulnerable and marginalized population poses a serious challenge to researchers and clinicians alike. copyright 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISSN 0951-7367 Publication Type Journal: Review Journal Name Current Opinion in Psychiatry Volume 18 Issue Part 5 Page 536-541 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Sep 2005 COMORBIDITY <210> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005359316 Authors Pietrzak R.H. Petry N.M. Institution (Pietrzak, Petry) Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States. (Petry) Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3944, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Antisocial personality disorder is associated with increased severity of gambling, medical, drug and psychiatric problems among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Source Addiction. 100(8)(pp 1183-1193), 2005. Date of Publication: Aug 2005. Abstract Aims: To evaluate systematically whether pathological gamblers with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) experience increased severity of gambling, medical, psychiatric, substance use and psychosocial problems compared to pathological gamblers without ASPD. Participants, design and measurements: Pathological gamblers (M = 237) entering an outpatient treatment study for pathological gambling completed the ASPD section of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV) Personality Disorders, California Psychological Inventory-Socialization Scale, Addiction Severity Index (ASI), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and gambling questionnaires. Setting: Pathological gambling research clinic. Findings: Thirty-nine (16.5%) pathological gamblers met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ASPD. Compared to pathological gamblers without ASPD, pathological gamblers with ASPD were younger, more likely to be male and divorced/separated, and had fewer years of education. They also began gambling earlier in life, reported increased severity of gambling, medical and drug problems, and scored higher on the paranoid ideation, somatization and phobic anxiety subscales of the BSI. Further, logistic regression identified male gender, history of illicit drug use and severity of gambling and medical problems as independent predictors of ASPD. Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of assessing a wide range of behaviors and personality indices, including ASPD, among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Addiction Volume 100 Issue Part 8 Page 1183-1193 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Aug 2005 COMORBIDITY <217> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005359309 Authors Darke S. Ross J. Williamson A. Teesson M. Institution (Darke, Ross, Williamson, Teesson) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title The impact of borderline personality disorder on 12-month outcomes for the treatment of heroin dependence. Source Addiction. 100(8)(pp 1121-1130), 2005. Date of Publication: Aug 2005. Abstract Aims: To determine the effects of borderline personality disorder (BPD) on 12-month treatment retention and outcomes for the treatment of heroin dependence. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Sydney, Australia. Participants: A cohort of 495 heroin users enrolled in the Australian Treatment Outcome Study. Findings: Criteria for BPD were met by 45% of the cohort. At baseline there were no differences in heroin use, but the BPD group had higher levels of polydrug use, crime, needle risk-taking, more injection-related health problems, higher levels of overdose, poorer psychological health and more extensive suicide histories. At 12 months there was no group difference in the cumulative number of treatment days received, but the BPD group had enrolled in more different treatment episodes. Within both groups reductions had occurred in drug use and drug-related problems, with no differences in heroin use, polydrug use or global physical health at 12 months. After taking into account the effects of treatment on outcome, however, BPD was associated independently with a higher level of needle sharing [odds ratio (OR) 3.21], more injectionrelated health problems (OR 1.90), a higher likelihood of heroin overdose (OR 1.92), poorer global psychological health (OR 2.43), higher levels of current major depression (OR 3.19) and a higher likelihood of attempted suicide (OR 3.89). While BPD participants showed similar reductions in heroin and other drug use to other patients at 12 months, they continued to exhibit higher levels of risk and harm across a range of outcomes. Conclusions: Screening would appear to be warranted to identify a group who may overtly respond to treatment in terms of drug use per se, but remain at substantially greater risk. copyright 2005 Society for the Study of Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Addiction Volume 100 Issue Part 8 Page 1121-1130 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Aug 2005 COMORBIDITY <238> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005317826 Authors Comtois K.A. Tisdall W.A. Holdcraft L.C. Simpson T. Institution (Comtois, Tisdall, Holdcraft, Simpson) Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States. (Simpson) VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States. (Tisdall) Penn State/Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, (Comtois) University of Washington, Box 359911, Seattle, WA 98104, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Dual diagnosis: Impact of family history. Source American Journal on Addictions. 14(3)(pp 291-299), 2005. Date of Publication: May 2005. Abstract Psychiatric outpatients with severe and persistent mental illness and a current or past substance use disorder (N = 89) were interviewed. Information from the Family Informant Schedule and Criteria was configured in three ways to capture the degree of familial substance abuse: biological parents only, all first-degree biological relatives, and all caregivers. All three configurations predicted the severity of lifetime drug abuse on the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences, controlling for any gender and non-substance-related Axis I diagnosis. Differences in means represent low to very low substance abuse severity for those without family history and low to medium severity for those with family history. The clinical implications are discussed. Copyright copyright American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. ISSN 1055-0496 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name American Journal on Addictions Volume 14 Issue Part 3 Page 291-299 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication May 2005 COMORBIDITY <247> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005317817 Authors Herbeck D.M. Fitek D.J. Svikis D.S. Montoya I.D. Marcus S.C. West J.C. Institution (Herbeck) University of California, Los Angeles Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Los Angeles, CA, United States. (Fitek) Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States. (Svikis) Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States. (Montoya) Division of Treatment Research and Development, National Institute on Drug Addiction, Bethesda, MD, United States. (Marcus) School of Social Work, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States. (West) Practice Research Network, American Psychiatric Institute for Research and Education, Washington, DC, United States. (Herbeck) UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, 1640 S. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Treatment compliance in patients with comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders. Source American Journal on Addictions. 14(3)(pp 195-207), 2005. Date of Publication: May 2005. Abstract This study examines clinical and non-clinical factors associated with treatment compliance problems in 342 patients with substance use disorders (SUD) seen in routine psychiatric practice. Weighted Wald-X<sup>2</sup> and multivariate logistic regression assessed sociodemographic, clinical, treatment, and health plan characteristics associated with treatment compliance problems. Among patients with SUD, 40.5% were reported to currently have treatment compliance problems. Patients with treatment compliance problems were significantly more likely to have personality disorders, lower global assessment of functioning scores, and medication side effects than those without treatment compliance problems. Patients seen by psychiatrists who were reimbursed by discounted rather than undiscounted fee-for-service were five times more likely to be reported to have treatment compliance problems. Both clinical and non-clinical factors appear to be associated with treatment compliance problems. Understanding these factors and targeting treatment interventions may improve treatment compliance and patient outcomes. Copyright copyright American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. ISSN 1055-0496 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name American Journal on Addictions Volume 14 Issue Part 3 Page 195-207 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication May 2005 COMORBIDITY <294> Database EMBASE Accession Number 2005289499 Authors Radat F. Creac'h C. Swendsen J.D. Lafittau M. Irachabal S. Dousset V. Henry P. Institution (Radat, Creac'h, Dousset, Henry) Chrome Pain Treatment Unit, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Bordeaux, France. (Swendsen) Department of Psychopathology, University Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France. (Lafittau, Irachabal) Department of Health Psychology, University Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France. (Radat) CHU Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France. Country of Publication United Kingdom Title Psychiatric comorbidity in the evolution from migraine to medication overuse headache. Source Cephalalgia. 25(7)(pp 519-522), 2005. Date of Publication: Jul 2005. Abstract We set out to study the role of psychiatric comorbidity in the evolution of migraine to medication overuse headache (MOH) by a comparative study of 41 migraineurs (MIG) and 41 patients suffering from MOH deriving from migraine. There was an excess risk of suffering from mood disorders [odds ratio (OR) = 4.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5, 13.5], anxiety (OR = 5, 95% CI 1.2, 10.7) and disorders associated with the use of psychoactive substances other than analgesics (OR = 7.6, 95% CI 2.2, 26.0) in MOH compared with MIG. Retrospective study of the order of occurrence of disorders showed that in the MOH group, psychiatric disorders occurred significantly more often before the transformation from migraine into MOH than after. There was no crossed-family transmission between MOH and psychiatric disorders, except for substance-related disorders. MOH patients have a greater risk of suffering from anxiety and depression, and these disorders may be a risk factor for the evolution of migraine into MOH. Moreover, MOH patients have a greater risk of suffering from substance-related disorders than MIG sufferers. This could be due to the fact that MOH is part of the spectrum of addictive disorders. copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISSN 0333-1024 Publication Type Journal: Article Journal Name Cephalalgia Volume 25 Issue Part 7 Page 519-522 Year of Publication 2005 Date of Publication Jul 2005