Download Cancer

THE
10 Grade Health
Cancer: Reducing Your Risk
BASI CS
Agenda for Cancer Lecture
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Introduction (Etiology, Epidemiology,
Oncologist)
Basic Understanding of Biology (cells)
Define Cancer (Autoimmune Disease)
Risk Factors (profile of our exposures)
Classifications of Cancer
Location of Cancer
Prevention, Detection and Treatment
Introduction
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The last 50 years has seen a better
understanding of the causes and treatments of
cancer. Hence, the stigma, early detection and
technology has improved the prognosis of
cancer patients to an unprecedented level.
Cancer Statistics
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553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001
1.3 million new cases diagnosed
1 in 4 deaths from cancer
Early detection/improvements in technology
have improved prognosis for many
What do you think are the contributing
factors to the incidence of cancer in the
U.S. today?
Healthy Cells
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Cells represent the smallest,
functional unit of our existence
which contains cytoplasm and
a nucleus (i.e. metabolism,
reproduction, day to day
functions)
Cells have a specialized
function depending on their
location in the body.
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Cells grow, replicate and repair
body organs.
The genetic material
(DNA/RNA) and your immune
system regulate this process.
Different Types of Cells
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Blood cells
Muscle cells (smooth,
striated, cardiac)
Nerve cells
Bone cells
Cartilage cells
Liver (hepa) cells
Define Cancer
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Cancer is a term used to describe a large
group of diseases that are characterized
by a cellular malfunction. Healthy cells
are programmed to “know what to do and
when to do it”. Cancerous cells do not
have this programming and therefore
grow and replicate out of control. They
also serve no physiological function.
These cells are now termed a neoplasm.
This neoplasmic mass often forms
a clumping of cells known as a
tumor.
Tumors
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Benign Tumors
(noncancerous)
Enclosed in a fibrous
shell or capsule.
Take up space
Concerned if they
interfere with
surrounding tissues or
vessels or impede the
function of the body.
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Malignant Tumors
(cancerous)
Not usually contained
– metastasis
Invade and emit
clawlike protrusions
that disrupt the RNA
and DNA of normal
cells (these cancerous
cells act like a virus).
Risk Factors (multi-factorial)
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Exposure to Cancer-causing agents
Cellular Mutations (what agents cause this?
Environment & Lifestyle agents)
Genetics & Hormone exposure (i.e. breast
cancer)
Occupation and Environment Factors
Social and Psychological Factors
Chemicals in Food
Viral (i.e. herpes, HPV, mononucleosis) create an
opportunistic environment
Medical Factors
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Types of Cancer
Classifications of Cancer
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Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Lymphomas
Leukemias
Lung Cancer
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Killed 164,000 in 2000
Prevention-researchers theorize: 90% of all lung
cancers could be avoided by not smoking
Gas Exchange in Your Lungs
Lung and Bronchus Cancer
(Invasive), 1975-2002 (CDC)
Lung and Bronchus Cancer for
U.S. Males, 1992-2002
Lung and Bronchus Cancer for
U.S. Females, 1992-2002
Ten Leading Causes of Death
for Males, 2002 (CDC)
Ten Leading Causes of Death
for Females, 2002 (CDC)
An Overview of Cancer
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Variations in Rates
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Rates have large variations among populations
444.6 per 100,000 African Americans
402.1 per 100,000 Whites
272.4 per 100,000 Hispanics
279.3 per 100,000 Asian Pacific Islanders
152.8 per 100,000 Native Americans
An Overview of Cancer
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What is Cancer?
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Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Neoplasms
Malignant tumors
Benign tumors
An Overview of Cancer
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Cellular Change/Mutation Theories
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Spontaneous errors
External agents
Oncogenes
Risks for Cancer-Lifestyle
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Smoking among greatest
Nutrition/exercise
Factors Believed to Contribute to
Global Causes of Cancer
Figure 13.1
What Causes Cancer?
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Biological Factors
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Genetic predisposition
Reproductive and hormonal risks
What Causes Cancer?
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Occupational and Environmental Factors
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Asbestos, nickel, chromate
Radioactive substances
Social and Psychological Factors
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Stress
Decrease negative emotions
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What Causes Cancer?
Chemicals in Food
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Viral Factors
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Sodium nitrate
Clostridium botulism
Herpes-related virus and human papillomavirus
Medical Factors
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Diethylstibestrol (DES)
Chemotherapy
Table 13.1
Types of Cancer
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Breast Cancer
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One in 8 women
Risk increases with age
Risk factors supported by research
Prevention (self-exam and mammography)
See figure 13.3 for self-examination procedure
Treatment
Breast Self-Examination
Figure 13.3
Types of Cancer
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Colon and Rectum Cancer
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3rd most common in men and women
135,400 in 2001 diagnosed
Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal
bleeding
Prostate Cancer
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Most common in males today
189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002
Estimated 30,200 men will die
Types of Cancer
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Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware
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1.3 million cases of skin cancer
Treatable: basal or squamous
Virulent: malignant melanoma
ABCD rule about melanoma
What are some ideas about the use of
sunscreen?
Types of Cancer
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Testicular Cancer
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Ages 17-34 at greatest risk
Cause is unknown
Undescended testicles present a great risk
How and when should men examine their
testicles?
(see Figure 13.4)
Testicular Self-Examination
Figure 13.4
Types of Cancer
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Ovarian Cancer
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4th leading cause of death in young women
Enlargement of abdomen common sign
Prevention: annual pelvic exams
Endometrium (Uterine) Cancer
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Pap test for early detection
Risk: early onset of intercourse
Warning: abnormal bleeding
Types of Cancer
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Cancer of the Pancreas
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“Silent” disease
29,700 cases in 2002
Only 4% survive
Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat
diet
Types of Cancer
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Leukemia
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Cancer of blood-forming tissues
Leads to the creation of immature white blood
cells
Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss
Can be acute or chronic
Facing Cancer
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Detecting Cancer
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT
scan)
Prostatic ultrasound (rectal probe)
Self-exam and check-ups
Table 13.3
Facing Cancer
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New Hope in Cancer Treatments
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Surgery to remove tumor
Chemotherapy
Researching genes and cell mutations
Facing Cancer
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Talking with Your Doctor about Cancer
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Ask questions about type, treatment, clinical trials
Ask about surgery
Ask why one treatment is preferred
Get all your options
Facing Cancer
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Life After Cancer
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Laws reduce insurance discrimination
Less isolation
Assistance is available
Support groups