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Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
Course Description
Human Anatomy is designed to provide a solid base for students intending to pursue a career in a
diversified health field and/or the field of cosmetology. It is a study into the structures and
systems of the human body. The eleven systems of the body are examined along with
biochemistry, cells, tissues, and disease. A dissection project will be a major part of the course,
as we examine a specimen in detail. Activities in addition to dissection include labs, projects,
note-taking, papers, quizzes, presentations, notebooks, worksheets, and tests.
Students will demonstrate an understanding of living systems and how they are applicable to the
fields of medical technology, nursing assistants, veterinary assistants, emergency medical
technicians, dental hygienists, and cosmetologists. An understanding of the structure and
function of cells, organisms, living systems, and basic principles of genetics will be increased.
Students will demonstrate an understanding of historical perspectives, scientific approaches, and
emerging scientific issues associated with the life sciences. A basic understanding of chemical
reactions and the conservation of matter are also part of the course.
Students recognize that science and technology are interconnected and assess the benefits, risks,
and costs. Students should build scientific and technological knowledge and develop scientific
habits of mind as they use the processes of scientific inquiry to ask valid questions and to gather
and analyze information. They are able to reflect on scientific practices as they develop plans of
action to create and evaluate a variety of conclusions. Students are also able to demonstrate the
ability to communicate their findings to others. Students realize that the current body of
scientific knowledge must be based on evidence, be predictive/logical, subject to modification
and limited to the natural world. This includes demonstrating an understanding that scientific
knowledge grows and advances as new evidence is discovered to support or modify existing
theories, as well as to encourage the development of new theories. Students are able to reflect on
ethical scientific practices both in the classroom and in their applicable career fields.
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Biology or Life Science
Highly suggested for students studying cosmetology or DHO
Credit: 1 year
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
CONCEPT:
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Explore the principles of cells, heredity, and biological evolution.
TOPICS: Cells
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Identify and explain cell structure, function, and cellular processes.
Cell Structure
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structure, function and interrelatedness of cell organelles
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
structure & function of the plasma membrane as it relates to homeostasis & transport
organelle of the eukaryotic animal cell
Cellular Functions
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characteristics of life regulated by cellular processes
chemosynthesis and cellular respiration
cell division and differentiation
functions of cellular organelle in protein synthesis
cellular transport such as endocytosis, exocytosis, osmosis, and diffusion
the function of DNA in chromatin to regulate the production of protein
gene regulation in the synthesis & breakdown of specific molecules
Biochemistry
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balance in a living system
formation or destruction of chemical bonds can release energy
acids and bases and their corresponding positions on the pH scale
complex biomolecules necessary for all living systems
elements essential to all living things
metabolism as a sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
VOCABULARY: cells, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, organelles, plasma membrane, nucleus,
nuclear envelope, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, microtubules,
microfilaments, ribosomes, chromatin, nucleolus, cytoskeleton, cholesterol, phospholipids, cilia,
flagella, protein, transport proteins, mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, homeostasis,
chemosythesis, cellular respiration, electron transport chain, glycolosis, citric acid cycle, ATP,
ADP, AMP, mitosis, meiosis, spindle fiber, crossing over, nondisjunction, prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase, interphase, cytokinesis, endocytosis, exocytosis, osmosis, diffusion, active
transport, passive transport, metabolism, acids, bases, pH, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
regulatory enzymes, immunity, pathology, anaerobic, aerobic, pyruvic acid, glucose, urea,
selectively permeable, amino acids, peptide bonds, covalent, ionic
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Compare and contrast the eukaryotic cell to the prokaryotic cell.
Create a model of a eukaryotic animal cell identifying cellular organelle and their specific
function as pertaining to protein synthesis.
Describe the specialized function of various tissues.
Identify the stages of cellular respiration and relate this process to the biochemical
breakdown of food molecules.
Trace and understand the metabolic pathways in the human body.
Outline the steps in meiosis and mitosis.
Relate the structures of the plasma membrane to maintaining homeostasis and the transport
of materials.
HEREDITY
Recognize that information stored in DNA provides the instructions for assembling protein
molecules used by the cells that determine the characteristics of the organism.
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genetics
structure and function of DNA in cells
genetic mechanisms and inheritance
mutations as frameshift, insertions, or deletions
developmental differentiation as regulated through the expression of genes
human chromosomes as a genetic blueprint
growth and development
assembly of codons
environmental factors as mutagens
sex-linked inheritance
recombinant DNA
genetically-modified organisms and cloning
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
VOCABULARY: genetics, dominant, recessive, traits, alleles, heredity, DNA, mutations,
mutagens, frameshift mutations, point mutations, codons, insertions, deletions, recombinant
technology, codominance, incomplete dominance, complete dominance, double helix, adenine,
asexual reproduction, chromosome, diploid, haploid, homozygous, heterozygous, cytosine,
thymine, guanine, Punnet square, genotype, phenotype, nitrogen base, sexual reproduction,
uracil, human genome, anticodon, transcription, translation, replication, growth, development
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Compare and contrast dominant and recessive traits.
Trace the inheritance of genetic alleles given a Punett Square.
Draw and label a strand of DNA.
Given a chart, students will determine the anticodon, code, codon, or amino acid of a given
sequence.
Explain the processes of transcription and translation.
Outline the steps in DNA replication.
Compare and contrast codominance with complete and incomplete dominance.
Distinguish between various types of genetic mutations.
Identify several environmental mutagens on human DNA.
CONCEPT:
 The human body is divided into regions and specific local areas that can be identified on the
surface. Each region contains internal organs, the locations of which are anatomically and
clinically important.
TOPICS:
Classification and Characteristics of Humans
 basic Linnaeus taxonomy
 hierarchy of classification
 distinguishing anatomical characteristics of humans
Body Organization
 multicellular organization
 systematic versus regional approaches
 stages of growth
 organs and body systems
Planes of Reference and Descriptive Terminology
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descriptive planes of reference
terms of direction used in anatomy
anatomical position
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
TOPICS: (cont’d)
Body Regions
 body regions identified on the surface
 specific local areas of the body
 internal organs located in each region
 clinical importance of organs
 pelvic, abdominal, upper & lower extremities
Body Cavities and Membranes
 connective & epithelial tissues
 compartmentalization of viscera
 organization of body cavities
 differentiation among membranes
VOCABULARY: taxonomy, kingdom, phyla, class, order, family, genus, species, Homo
sapiens, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, brain, spinal cord, Animalia, phylogeny,
pharynx, auditory tube, opposable thumbs, chordate, mammalia, bipedal, tissue, organ, organ
system, organism, growth, puberty, sagittal plane, coronal plane, transverse plane, anatomical
position, head, facial region, cranial region, neck, cervical region, trunk, thoracic region,
mammary region, sternal region, axillary fossa, axillary region, vertebral region, umbilicus,
perineum, sacral region, lumbar region, gluteal region, upper extremity, shoulder, brachium,
antebrachium, manus, deltoid region, cubital region, cubital fossa, carpus, metacarpus, digits,
palmar region, lower extremity, digits, posterior body cavity, anterior body cavity, coelom,
thoracic cavity, viscera, pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity,
mucous membranes, serous membranes, pleurae, parietal pleura, pericardial cavity, peritoneal
membranes
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Classify humans according to the taxonomic system.
Describe the anatomical characteristics that set humans apart from other primates.
Describe the general function of each body system.
Identify the planes of reference used to locate structures within the body.
Describe the anatomical position.
Define and be able to properly use the descriptive and directional terms that refer to the body.
List the regions of the body and the principal areas that make up each region.
Explain why it is important to be able to describe the body areas and regions in which major
internal organs are located.
Identify the various body cavities and the organs found in each.
Discuss the types and functions of various body membranes.
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
CONCEPT:
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Understand that the human body is constructed from four types of tissue.
TOPICS:
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definition and classification of tissues
general histology
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
liquid tissue
nervous tissue
VOCABULARY: tissue, histology, apical surface, basal surface, avascular, endocrine,
exocrine, matrix, striation, epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Define tissue and discuss the importance of histology.
Draw examples of the four major types of tissues separately and as they appear in organs.
Identify and discuss the major structural features of each of the four main tissue types.
CONCEPT:
 Understand the main features of the integumentary system.
TOPICS:
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the skin as an organ
organization of skin
protective and metabolic functions of skin
the science of dermatology
skin pigmentation
nerves of the skin
how the skin is nourished
strength & flexibility of the skin
glands of the skin
maintaining skin health
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
VOCABULARY: adipose, basal cell layer, blood, collagen, comedone, dermatology,
dermatologist, dermis, elastin, epidermal-dermal junction, epidermis, esthetician, keratin,
melanin, melanocytes, motor nerve fibers, papillary layer, reticular layer, retinoic acid,
sebaceous glands, secretory coil, secretory nerve fibers, sensory nerve fibers, stratum corneum,
stratum germinativum, stratum granulousm, stratum lucidum, stratum spinosum, subcutaneous
tissue, subcutis, sudoriferous glands, tactile corpuscles, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin D,
Vitamin E, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, squamous, pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar, and
cuboidal
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Describe the organization of skin and how it relates to function.
Label a cross section of the skin.
Identify the location in the body of each of the types of integumentary tissue.
CONCEPT:
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Understand the main features of the skeletal system as it pertains to the physical foundation
of the body.
TOPICS:
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bones of the skull
bones of the cranium
bones of the face
bones of the neck
bones of the chest, shoulder, and back
bones of the arms and hands
bones of the leg and foot
organization of the skeletal system
bone structure
shapes of bones
bone cells
joints (elbows, knees, hips, etc.)
VOCABULARY: cranium, occipital bones, parietal bones, frontal bones, temporal, ethmoid,
sphenoid, skeletal system, osteology, Os, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, malar, maxillae, mandible,
turbinal, vomer, palatine, hyoid, cervical vertebrae, thorax, ribs, scapula, sternum, clavicle,
humerus, ulna, radius, carpus, metacarpus, phalanges, tibia, femur, fibula, patella, talus, tarsal,
metatarsal, carpal, metacarpal, ossification, spongy bone tissue, compact bone tissue, osteoblasts,
osteogenic cells, osteocytes, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Describe and identify the basic structure of bone and its composition.
Identify examples of various joints.
Differentiate between tendons and ligaments and cartilage.
Identify the bones of the human skeleton.
Define the general structure, functions, and the development of bone.
CONCEPT:
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Understand the structure and function of muscles.
TOPICS:
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introduction to the muscular system
structure of skeletal muscles
skeletal muscle fibers and types of muscle contractions
naming of muscles
muscles of the axial skeleton
muscles of the appendicular skeleton
muscles of the scalp
muscles of the ear
muscles of mastication
muscles of the neck
muscles of the eyebrow
muscles of the nose
muscles of the mouth
muscles that attach the arms to the body
muscles of the shoulder and arms
muscles of the hand
muscles of the lower leg and foot
VOCABULARY: muscular system, neuromuscular, atrophy, hypertrophy, action potential,
flaccid, mycology, striated, nonstriated, cardiac muscle, origin, insertion, belly, epicranius,
occipitals, frontalis, epicranial aponeurosis, auricularius superior, auricularius anterior,
auricularius posterior, masseter, platysma, sternocleidomastoideus, corrugator muscle,
orbicularis occuli, procerus, buccinators muscle, depressor labil inferioris, levator anguli oris,
levator labii superioris, mentalis, orbicularis oris, risorius, triangularis, zygomaticus, latissimus
dorsi, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, bicep, deltoid, tricep,
extensors, flexors, pronators, supinator, abductors, adductors, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis
anterior, peroneus brevis, gastrocnemius, soleus, extensor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis,
flexor digitorum brevis, abductor
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Explain how the three types of muscle tissue differ in structure.
Draw the structures involved in striated muscle contraction.
Describe the physiological activities involved in muscle contraction.
Explain how striated and smooth muscle contractions differ.
Identify the major muscles of a mammal.
CONCEPT:
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Understand the basic organization and functions of the nervous system.
TOPICS:
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divisions of the nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
nerve cell structure and function
types of nerves
nerves of the head, face, and neck
nerves of the arm and hand
nerves of the lower leg and foot
neurons and neuroglia
cerebrum
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
meninges
spinal cod
cerebrospinal fluid
VOCABULARY: cranial, spinal, afferent, efferent, somatic, autonomic, enteric,
electrochemical, gradient, polarizing, repolarizing, nervous system, neurology, central nervous
system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, brain, spinal cord, neuron,
dendrites, axons, nerves, sensory nerves, motor nerves, reflex, fifth cranial nerve, ophthalmic,
mandibular, maxillary, auriculotemporal, infraorbital, infratrochlear, mental nerve, nasal nerve,
supraorbital nerve, zygomatic nerve, vesicles, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon,
meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify the main types of neurons and neuroglia.
Explain the differences between neurorns and neuroglia.
Label the main parts of the nervous system.
Explain how action potentials are generated and propogated.
Draw the events taking place at the synapse.
Understand the structure and function of the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, and tongue).
Recognize the main subdivisions of the central, peripheral, and autonomic portions of the
nervous system.
CONCEPT:
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Understand the structure and function of the endocrine system.
TOPICS:
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introduction to the endocrine system
pituitary gland
thyroid and parathyroid glands
pancreas
adrenal glands
gonads and other endocrine glands
hormones and their actions
VOCABULARY: endocrine system, exocrine glands, endocrine glands, pancreas, adrenal
glands, thyroid gland, pituitary glands, synergist, antagonist, thymus, parathyroid glands,
hypothalamus, pineal gland, gonads, hormones, adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis, growth
hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, meloncyte-stimulating hormone, oxytocin, antidiuretic
hormone, follicular cells, corticosteroids, adrenal cortex, ovarian follicles, corpus luteum, testes
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Explain how hormones produce their effects.
Illustrate the method by which lipid and protein hormones produce their effects.
Explain how feedback systems regulate endocrine glands.
Draw the feedback system which controls the human reproductive cycles.
Locate and describe the functions of hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.
Label a drawing locating the endocrine glands.
Label the parts of the endocrine system.
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
CONCEPT:
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Understand the structure and function of the circulatory system.
TOPICS:
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functions and major components of the circulatory system
blood
heart
blood vessels
arteries of the body
capillaries of the body
veins of the body
circulation
lymphatic system
VOCABULARY: circulatory system, blood vascular system, lymph vascular system, heart,
pericardium, atrium, ventricle, valves, pulmonary circulation, systematic circulation, arteries,
capillaries, veins, blood, red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, lymph
nodes, common carotid arteries, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery, facial artery,
submental artery, inferior labial artery, angular artery, superior labial artery, superficial temporal
artery, frontal artery, parietal artery, transverse facial artery, middle temporal artery, anterior
auricular artery, occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, supraorbital artery, infraorbital artery,
internal jugular, external jugular, ulnar artery, radial artery, politeal artery, anterior tibial,
posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis, cardiopulmonary
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify the components of blood.
Label a drawing of blood.
Explain how blood typing is done and how blood clotting occurs.
Label a drawing of the cardiovascular system.
Compare the structure of capillaries, veins, and arteries.
Label the parts of the heart and trace the flow of blood through circulation.
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
CONCEPT:
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Understand the organization and function of the lymphatic and immune system.
TOPICS:
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lymph and lymphatic vessels
lymphatic fluid
lymphatic tissue
lymph nodes & tonsils
functions of the spleen
lymph circulation
resistance to disease
skin & mucous membranes
VOCABULARY: lymph nodes, lymph, lymphatic capillaries, lymph ducts, tonsils, spleen,
thymus gland, mucous membranes, inflammation, immunity, antigens, lymphatic vessels, edema,
thoracic duct, pathogens, resistance
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify and describe the structures and components of the lymphatic system.
Understand the role of the lymphatic system in immunity.
Explain the processes of specific and nonspecific resistance.
Describe the role of the lymphatic system in waste removal from body cells, carrying
nourishment from the blood, and providing a suitable fluid environment for the cells.
CONCEPT:
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Understand the organization and function of the respiratory system.
TOPICS:
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physical requirements of the respiratory system
functions of the respiratory system
structure of the respiratory system
mechanics of breathing
regulation of breathing
respiratory disorders
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
VOCABULARY: respiratory system, lungs, diaphragm, inhalation, exhalation, pulmonary,
olfactory, pleural, parietal, carbon dioxide, oxygen, upper respiratory, lower respiratory, nose,
nasal cavity, nasal bones, nostril, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea,
laryngeal muscles, bronchial tree, pulmonary alveoli, pleurae, lungs, inspiration, expiration, cleft
lip, cystic fibrosis, asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, tuberculosis,
influenza, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify and describe the structure and the components of the respiratory system.
Label the parts of the respiratory system.
Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in external and internal respiration.
Identify and utilize the terms associated with lung capacity as it is measured.
Draw and label the components of the lungs and indicate the areas effected by given diseases.
CONCEPT:
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Understand the organization and function of the digestive system.
TOPICS:
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introduction to the digestive system
serous membranes and tunics of the gastrointestinal tract
mouth, pharynx, and associated structures
esophagus and stomach
small intestine
large intestine
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
developmental problems of the digestive system
VOCABULARY: digestive system, gastrointestinal, alimentary canal, defecation, salivation,
peristalsis, sphincter, ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion, absorption, peristalsis, oral
cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, tongue, salivary glands,
liver, gall bladder, pancreas, viscera, serous fluid, cheeks, lips, palate, hard palate, soft palate,
teeth, molars, premolars, incisors, canines, salivary glands, constrictors, pylorus, duodenum, cleft
palate, esphogeal atresia, pyloric stenosis, dysentery, amoebic dysentery, food poisoning, tumors,
peptic ulcers, appendicitis, gallstones, cirrhosis, hepatitis, diverticulitis, periodontal disease,
dental cavities, anorexia nervosa, bulimia
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify and label the organs and associated tissues of the digestive system.
Identify and describe the functions of the components of the digestive system.
Describe various digestive disorders.
Trace the path of a molecule of food from the mouth through the digestive tract.
CONCEPT:
 Understand the organization and function of the urinary system.
TOPICS:
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introduction to the urinary system
functions of the kidneys
structure and function of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
summary of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
development problems of the urinary organs
VOCABULARY: renal, efferent, afferent, proximal, distal, excretion, ascending,
descending, hydrostatic, autoregulation, kidneys, renal artery, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra,
micturition, dysuria, hematuria, urinary tract infections, nephritis, cystitis, pyelitis,
glomerulonephritis, renal failure, urinary stones
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify and describe the structure of the components of the urinary system.
Label the parts of the urinary system.
Explain the functions of the nephron.
Describe filtration, secretion, and reabsorbtion.
Identify common disorders of the urinary system.
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
CONCEPT:
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Understand the organization and function of the reproductive system.
TOPICS:
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introduction to the male reproductive system
perineum and scrotum
testes
spermatic ducts, accessory reproductive glands, and the urethra
penis
mechanisms of erection, emission, and ejaculation
diseases of the reproductive system
introduction to the female reproductive system
structure and function of the ovaries
secondary sex organs
mammary glands
ovulation and menstruation
VOCABULARY: perineum, scrotum, testes, cryptorchidism, efferent ductules,
spermatogenesis, spermatogonia, flagellum, spermatic ducts, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles,
prostate, Bulbourethral Glands, urethra, testosterone, emission, ejaculation, erection, semen,
ovaries, oocytes, ovulation, uterine tubes, corpus luteum, uterus, perimetrium, vagina, vulva,
labia majora, mammary glands, breasts, nipple, areolar gland, menstrual phase, proliferative
phase, secretory phase, STD’s , gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, Chlamydia, trichonomiasis,
genital warts, testicular cancer, prostate cancer, infertility, impotence, ovarian cysts, amenorrhea,
dysmenorreah, abnormal uterine bleeding, premenstrual syndrome, toxic shock syndrome,
endometriosis, breast cancer, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, cervical cancer
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify and describe the components of the male and female reproductive systems.
Label the parts of the reproductive systems for both males and females.
Explain the functioning of the components of both kinds of reproductive systems.
Describe the anatomical and physiological events that lead to fertilization.
Identify common disorders of both the male and female reproductive systems.
Human Anatomy
2011-2012
Course of Study
CONCEPT:
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The natural nail is a hard protective plate made up of protein called keratin and is located at
the end of fingers and toes.
TOPICS:
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the natural nail
nail anatomy
the nail bed, matrix, and plate
specialized ligaments
nail growth
nail malformation
VOCABULARY: bed epithelium, cuticle, eponychium, free edge, hyponychium, ligament,
lunula, matrix, nail bed, nail fold, nail groove, nail plate, nail unit, natural nail, onyx
PERFORMANCE SKILLS::
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Describe the structure and composition of nails.
Discuss how nails grow.