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Basic Electronics and the Design of a Roller-coaster G-Meter Goal - To provide an introduction to basic electronic components and to apply this knowledge to the design of a roller-coaster Gmeter. • Problem Definition • Describe the characteristics of basic electronic components • Analyze a schematic to see how it meets design goals Basic Electronics and the Design of a Roller-coaster G-Meter Design Requirements • Sense acceleration in 2 axis • Record peak values • Store multiple measurements • Battery powered • Small enough to fit in a pocket • 0.1G resolution #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components We will discuss: • Resistors • • • • • • • Capacitors Inductors Diodes Transistors Op-amps Microcontrollers How to apply these components #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Resistors A resistor is a two-terminal electrical component that resists the flow of current, producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohm’s Law. The standard unit of resistance is the Ohm (W). #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Resistors #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Resistors #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Resistors #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Resistors Voltage Divider Vi = 5V R1 = 10K R2 = 20K 20000 Vo = 5 * 10000 + 20000 Vo = 3.33V #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Inductors An inductor is a passive electrical device that stores energy in a magnetic field, typically by combining the effects of many loops of electric current. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Inductors Inductance, measured in henrys (H) is an effect which results from the magnetic field that forms around a current carrying conductor. Current in an inductor tends to remain constant regardless of voltages applied to the inductor. Inductance can be increased by looping the conductor into a coil which causes magnetic flux from adjacent loops of the conductor to link. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Inductors #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Inductors #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Capacitors A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the electric field created between a pair of conductors on which equal but opposite electric charges have been placed. Capacitance is measured in Farads or micro Farads (uF) #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Capacitors A capacitor consists of two electrodes or plates, each of which stores an opposite charge. These two plates are conductive and are separated by an insulator or dielectric. The voltage across a capacitor tends to remain constant. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Capacitors #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Capacitors #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Passive Filters #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Diodes A diode can be thought of as the electronic version of a check valve. By restricting the direction of movement of charge carriers, it allows an electric current to flow in one direction, but essentially blocks it in the opposite direction. Diodes may be made from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium or may be fabricated using devices depending on thermionic emission (vacuum tube). #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Diodes #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Diodes Half-Wave Rectifier #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Transistors The transistor is a solid state semiconductor device which can be used for amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation and many other functions. It acts as a variable valve which, based on its input voltage, controls the current drawn by it from a connected voltage supply. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Transistors #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Transistors Vin = 5V Vf = 1.2V Vcc = 12V RC = 1K RB = 10K Vin - 0.7 = 5 - 0.7 = 430uA IB = RB 10000 Vcc - 0.25 - 1.2 12 - 0.25 - 1.2 = IC = RC 1000 IC = 10.6mA .0106 IC Gain = = .00043 = 24.7 IB #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Op-amp An operational amplifier or op-amp is a very high-gain amplifier which has two inputs, one inverting (−) and one non-inverting (+). The output voltage is the difference between the + and − inputs, multiplied by the open-loop gain. Because the op-amp has such high gain, the behavior of the amplifier is almost completely determined by the external elements. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Internal Structure of an Op-amp #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Op-amp Vout = G*(V+ - V-) Vs- < Vout < Vs+ Three assumptions of an ideal Op-amp operating in the linear range: 1) V+ = V2) G = Infinite (or close to it) 3) The current into the V+ and V- terminals is zero #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Op-amps #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Op-amps #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Op-amps #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Introduction to Basic Electronic Components Microcontrollers A microcontroller is a “computer-on-a-chip” used to control electronic devices. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing selfsufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor, the kind used in a PC. A typical microcontroller contains all the memory and I/O interfaces needed, whereas a general purpose microprocessor requires additional chips to provide these necessary functions. There are many manufacturers of microcontrollers that make a wide range of devices. Virtually all combinations of memory size, I/O count, peripheral set and package style are available. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Design Requirements • Sense acceleration in 2 axis • Record peak values • Store multiple measurements • Battery powered • Small enough to fit in a pocket • 0.1G resolution #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Power Supply • Switching buck regulator is used for conversion efficiency • SW1 chops the DC input voltage - output voltage is determined by the duty cycle of the chopped waveform • L1 and C1 form a 2nd order low pass filter that filters the chopped waveform to a DC voltage. • D1 is a flyback diode that allows current to flow when SW1 is open. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Power Supply • Powered by a 9V battery • Switching buck regulator for efficiency • C1 supplies large current pulses to regulator input • LM2574 chops the DC input voltage - output voltage is determined by the duty cycle of the chopped waveform • L1, C2 and C3 form a 2nd order low pass filter that filters the chopped waveform to a DC voltage. • D1 is a flyback diode that allows current to flow when the regulator switch is open. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Microcontroller Basic circuit to make micro run: • 4MHz Oscillator - X2, C6, C7 • Reset circuit - R7 • Power supply de-coupling capacitor - CU4 #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Input Switches • Micro inputs are normally pulled high with resistors R4 - R6 • When SW2, SW3 or SW4 are pressed, the corresponding micro input is pulled low. Select - Selects the data location to store the next measurement Start - Starts recording data View - Puts the micro in view mode to look at stored data. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Display • A second micro is used as a display driver. Specialized driver ICs exist for different types of displays - LCD, OLED, etc… • Two LEDs are used to indicate when the readings are negative. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Serial Bus A serial data bus is used to connect the main micro and the display micro. #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Analog to Digital Converter • An A-D converter converts an analog signal into discrete digital numbers - typically with 8 to 16 bits of resolution. • For example - The output of an 8-bit A-D with a 3V input and a 5V full scale reading would be: 3V * 28 = 154 decimal = 9A hex = 10011010 binary 5V #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Sensor and Signal Conditioning • Output of ADXL250 accelerometer is amplified by U10A and U10B • C8/R10 and C9/R11 form low pass filters that reduce the noise on the sensor output #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Additional Memory • An optional external memory chip was added for future expansion • EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) • Rather than only recording the peak accelerations, data can be recorded every 1/4 second #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter Complete Schematic #1501 Team THRUST 2005 Design of a G-Meter …And now the real question: How many G’s do they pull? Lateral G’s Millennium Force 1.4 Raptor 1.8 Magnum 1.3 Power Tower (Up) 0.4 Vertical G’s 4.5 4.1 3.9 2.6 #1501 Team THRUST 2005 References • • • • • • • Resistors - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor Capacitors - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor Inductors - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor Diodes - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode Transistors - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor Op-amps - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-amp Microcontrollers - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller #1501 Team THRUST 2005