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As The Years Go By … It was 73 and Years from “Four score seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and Constitutional Convention dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” in 1787 disunion in 1860 November to 19, 1863 Gettysburg Address Lincoln referring to the “Before the war, in speaking about our fact that it had been 87 years since the Declaration of country, we said, "The United States Independence are" — plural. We saw ourselves as a It’s been 146 years since the Civilof union, a stitched-together collection War…and yet,thing. the Civil War still states, a "many" After theis war…” Shelby Foote the defining moment in our national history. Hold on to me Abe, and we’ll go in here I of want women’s rights I want enforced hotel and man of by government Ithe want everybody toahave aestablished share by the unanimous consent people “Da white man Hab no rights datthat cullad Now my friends I’mreligion almost in and the reduced in subjection where to her people authority. aint inclined to work can everybody property Iwant abolished andelse’s the book of I want all the housed burned up and pussums bouond to spect” datstation millennium isMormon going to begin the soam ask what you free Iofwant expense and be found in rum made standard of board morality. the M.P.s killed so that the bohoys can run will and it shall be understood. and tobacco. I represent thegranted. free love element, and expect to with the machine and ….. have free license to carry out its principles. How the South Saw the Election of 1860 Oh! What a beautiful man he is. I feel a “passional attraction” every time I see his lovely face. To the South, the North had become radicalized and was moving the country in a direction they did not wish to go! The day after Fort Sumter fell, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the southern rebellion and save the Union. Tens of thousands of men eagerly responded, enlisting for ninety days, the amount of time most people thought the war would last. http://www.civilwar.com/components/index.php?option=com_battlemap The Civil War was fought in 10,000 places, from Valverde, New Mexico, and Tullahoma, Tennessee, to St. Albans, Vermont (slide 6), and Fernandina on the Florida coast. More than 3 million Americans fought in it, and over 600,000 men, 2 percent of the population, died in it. When war broke out, Ballou immediately left what appeared to be a promising political career and volunteered for military service with the 2nd Rhode Island Infantry. Ballou and 93 of his men were mortally wounded at Bull Run. In an attempt to better direct his men, Ballou took a horse mounted position in front of his regiment, when a 6-pounder solid shot from July 14,1861 Confederate artillery tore off his right leg and simultaneously killed Clark, his horse.Washington The badly injured Major Camp DC was then carried off the field and the remainder of his leg was amputated. Ballou died from his wound a week after Dear Sarah: that Union defeat and was buried in the yard of nearby Sudley Church. Ballou was are killed very a weekstrong after TheSullivan indications Sullivan Ballou that we this letter was written. shall move in a few days - perhaps tomorrow. And lest I should not be able to write you again I feel impelled to write a few lines that may fall under your eye when I am no more. I have no misgivings… PAGE 37 Killed in Battle. S. B. Campbell, co. G, Mercer, saved. A. Hanna, co. D, Beaver, missing. Mr. Robert Pearson, of this county, was shot in the head at the battle of Pittsburg Landing, and killed instantly. We believe he was raised by Mr. G. W. Crawford.I.ItTrunk, may be by some of the readers of the Journal, that he was co.remembered D, Beaver, missing. kicked some years ago by a horse on the head, and that a portion of the skull bone which was fractured was extracted by R.given Culbertson, co. D,ofBeaver, missing. Dr. Leasure, and thus his life was saved to be in defence his country. He was a brother to George Greene Pearson, of Shenango township. J. M. Mather, co. D, Beaver, saved. Making the War Especially Painful W. Davidson, co. D, Butler, saved. COLLISION ON THE POTOMAC. W. Harlan, co. E, Butler, saved. We regret to state that on the night of the 13th inst., Ragged on the Potomac, Thos.offHanna, co.Point, E, Lawrence, saved. a collision took place between the steamers Peabody and West Point, involving a loss of seventy-three lives. – The West Point was bound to that place from Newport Alex.About Hanna, E, Lawrence, saved. News, with convalescent troops of Burnside’s army. 279co. souls were aboard. The West Point sank in about ten minutes after collision in four fathoms of water (24 feet.) The following named persons belonging to the Roundhead regiment met with a watery J. Palmer, co. Warren, B, Mercer, saved. grave. Thos. M’Keever, Samuel Witherow, JohnA. Mellon, Charles John Jones, Isaac Trump, Andrew Hannah, Robert Culbertson, Franklin Pinkerton, Josiah O. Goliver. We can sympathize with the friends of those who have lost relatives in this P. Stafford, co. B, Lawrence, saved. section. P. Wagoner, co. B, Lawrence, saved. J. T. Clark, co. B, Lawrence, saved. The following are the names of those saved of the 100 th Regiment, who were on board, principally from Western Pennsylvania. They were nearly all convalescent patients, whoC. have Zeuke, beenco. placed I, Lawrence, in the convalescent saved. hospital at Fairfax Seminary: R. M. Thomas, co. M, Lawrence, saved. Caezar Gorlatt, co. G, Susquehanna, saved. W. Campbell, co. H, Washington, saved. R. N. Glenn, co. E, Butler, saved. T. N. Miles, co. C, Lawrence, saved. Michael Lape, so. M, Westmoreland, saved. J. Jones, co. H, Lawrence, saved. H. Fieldgrove, co. F, Lawrence, saved. A. M. M’Gee, co. G, Mercer, saved. S. Alton, co M, Allegheny, saved. E. N. Watson, co. H, Luzerne, saved. F. Raw, co. A. Washington, saved. The Civil War Like lithography, stereography was of great importance in the mass production and distribution of images in the nineteenth century. The technique dates to the 1830s, but popular interest in the stereograph took off with improvements in photography and the development in Britain of a simple and easy-to-use viewer, which caught Queen Victoria's eye and the attention of the world when it was displayed at the 1851 London Crystal Palace. The growth of the industry from that point was nothing short of phenomenal. During the American Civil War for the first time the general public could see the war. In factview they without could even see the war in 3D via a Cross-eye a steroscope photographic technology known as STEREOPTICON Chapter 16 The Civil War Twenty Confederate soldiers attacked the village of St. Albans, Vermont on October 19, 1864. The raiders robbed three banks of more than $200,000, killed one citizen and wounded two others, stole a number of horses, and tried unsuccessfully to burn down the town. The Confederates, with Vermonters in close pursuit, escaped across the Canadian border. Eventually several were captured and arrested by Canadians. the Southerners were initially freed on a legal technicality and sent the stolen money south before they were rearrested. Canada, a British colony, further angered the United States when its courts refused to extradite the raiders and eventually released them. This incident weakened the already strained relationship between America and Great Britain, resulting from the latter’s continuing sympathies for the Confederacy. Did You Know? The Civil War was fought in 10,000 places. Confederates moved far into Northern territory during the Civil War. In fact, the northernmost United States city to be attacked by the Confederacy was Saint Albans, Vermont, where Confederates robbed a bank 8 CIVIL WAR MEDICINE WALTER H. KEARNEY, M.D. OVERALL STATISTICS 36. Amputation Being Performed in a MEN IN UNIFORM Crew DIED KIA/DOW Removal DIED OF DISEASE DIED OTHER Zouave Ambulance Demonstrating of - Gettysburg, 1863 USA 2,326,000. Hospital 360,000 Tent 110,000 199,000 PA, July 49,000 Wounded Soldiers From the Field – Location Unknown CSA 900,000 244,000 94,000 150,000 Death from disease 1.7 times death from battle injuries (Black soldiers 9 times) 30,000 POW on each side died Total deaths = 2% of the population (over 6 million today) Total deaths = deaths in Revolutionary War + War of 1812 + War with Mexico ÷ S*lI + WWII + Korean War Civil War Era Medicine: Chance of death for soldier as compared to civilian men of the same age: or… “Why We Lost so Many Young Men” Dysentery Pneumonia Malaria Scurvy 20X 6X 5X Infinite 245,000 men discharged for disability during the war: Illness Wounds Preexisting Conditions Unspecified 63% 22% 2% 13% The Civil War Field Hospital at the Battle of Savage Station --Henrico County, Virginia, as fourth of the Seven Days Battles 9 Scurvy YOU SAY! WOUNDS 408,000 Total = stab wounds Artillery Gunshot Rifled Musket Smooth Bore Pistol 11% 11% Embalming a Deceased Union Soldier in the Civil War SITE 0F WOUND Head Chest Abdomen Extremities 78% 84% 13% 3% % OF TOTAL 5 8 3 84 DEATH. RATE 63 65 81 10 Total of 174,000 with 10% mortality (Mortality 6.5% if arm, 13.8% if leg) Therapy No Surgery Minor Surgery Amputation 80% 3% 17% 29,980 26% Died ANESTHESIA 80,000 Cases Chloroform 75% Ether 15% Both 10% 2% Death Rate using anesthesia Civil War WWII Korea Viet Nam USA CSA 14% 18%. 5% 2% 0.5% 11 The Top 10 Costliest Battles of the Civil War Based on total casualties (killed, wounded, missing, and captured) #1 Battle of Gettysburg (all battles are hyperlinked to additional maps, info and other resources) Date: July 1-3, 1863 Location: Pennsylvania Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: George G. Meade Confederate Forces Engaged: 75,000 Union Forces Engaged: 82,289 Winner: Union Casualties: 51,112 (23,049 Union and 28,063 Confederate) #2 Battle of Chickamauga Date: September 19-20, 1863 Location: Georgia Confederate Commander: Braxton Bragg Union Commander: William Rosecrans Confederate Forces Engaged: 66,326 Union Forces Engaged: 58,222 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 34,624 (16,170 Union and 18,454 Confederate) The Ten Costliest Battles of the Civil War #3 Battle of Chancellorsville Date: May 1-4, 1863 Location: Virginia Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: Joseph Hooker Confederate Forces Engaged: 60,892 Union Forces Engaged: 133,868 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 30,099 (17,278 Union and 12,821 Confederate) #4 Battle of Spotsylvania Date: May 8-19, 1864 Location: Virginia Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Forces Engaged: 50,000 Union Forces Engaged: 83,000 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 27,399 (18,399 Union and 9)000 Confederate) The Ten Costliest Battles of the Civil War Based on total casualties (killed, wounded, missing, and captured) #5 Battle of Antietam Date: September 17, 1862 Location: Maryland Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: George B. McClellan Confederate Forces Engaged: 51,844 Union Forces Engaged: 75,316 Winner: Inconclusive (Strategic Union Victory) Casualties: 26,134 (12,410 Union and 13,724 Confederate) #6 Battle of The Wilderness Date: May 5-7, 1864 Location: Virginia Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Forces Engaged: 61,025 Union Forces Engaged: 101,895 Winner: Inconclusive Casualties: 25,416 (17,666 Union and 7,750 Confederate) The Ten Costliest Battles of the Civil War Based on total casualties (killed, wounded, missing, and captured) #7 Battle of Second Manassas Date: August 29-30, 1862 Location: Virginia Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee Union Commander: John Pope Confederate Forces Engaged: 48,527 Union Forces Engaged: 75,696 Winner: Confederacy Casualties: 25,251 (16,054 Union and 9,197 Confederate) #8 Battle of Stone's River Date: December 31, 1862 Location: Tennessee Confederate Commander: Braxton Bragg Union Commander: William S. Rosecrans Confederate Forces Engaged: 37,739 Union Forces Engaged: 41,400 Winner: Union Casualties: 24,645 (12,906 Union and 11,739 Confederate) The Ten Costliest Battles of the Civil War Based on total casualties (killed, wounded, missing, and captured) #9 Battle of Shiloh Date: April 6-7, 1862 Although it doesn’t make the top 10-- think of this…on June 1, 1864 Location: Tennessee at The Battle of Cold Harbor. Confederate Commander: Albert Sidney Johnston/ P. G. T. Beauregard Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Forces Engaged: 40,335 Union Forces Engaged: 62,682 Winner: Union Grant attacked Confederate forces at Cold Harbor, Virginia,, losing over 7,000 men in twenty minutes . Although Lee suffered fewer casualties, his Casualties: 23,741 (13,047 Union and 10,694 Confederate) army never recovered from Grant's continual attacks. This was Lee's last #10 clear victory of the war. Battle of Fort Donelson Date: February 13-16, 1862 Location: Tennessee Confederate Commander: John B. Floyd/Simon B. Buckner Union Commander: Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Forces Engaged: 21,000 Union Forces Engaged: 27,000 Winner: Union Casualties: 19,455 (2,832 Union and 16,623 Confederate) http://www.civilwarhome.com/Battles.htm The First Modern War “The Civil War was the first of the world’s really modern wars.” Wrote the historian Bruce Catton. The weapons of this conflict were forerunners of today’s standard military equipment. And the Ways in which they were used foreshadowed modern techniques of warfare. The basic weapon for the infantry, both Union and Confederate, was the single-shot, rifled musket. Because of its rifled (grooved) barrel, it had a range and accuracy two to three times greater than earlier, smoothbore guns. Troops could now engage in deadly fire from distances of a quarter to a half-mile range. Trench warfare came into being as close-range or hand-to-hand combat was no longer inevitable. The First Modern War (cont.) The Minié ball produced terrible wounds on those struck in battle. The largecaliber rounds easily shattered bones, and in many cases the attending surgeon simply amputated the limb rather than risk a typically fatal secondary infection. The American Civil War, which often had many thousands of infantrymen armed with this type of ammunition, resulted in mass casualties on a scale which was inconceivable to contemporary strategists. What did this mean for military tactics? The old time massive assaults, with soldiers elbow to elbow rushing forward toward the enemy became an invitation to slaughter. (Yet generals on both sides continued to demand this classic maneuver in spite of heavy human losses.) The increased firepower of anti-personnel the infantry threatened both Case (or "spherical case" for smoothbores) were artillery and cavalry. bank of than cannon could no to longer offer solid projectiles carrying a smallerA burst charge shell, but designed be defense when enemy riflemen. more effective againstout-ranged exposed troops.by While shell produced only aAnd few the dash of a large fragments, case was loaded with leadvainglory or iron balls when and wasriders designedcould easily be cavalry charge became mere Sharps military rifle to burst above and before enemy line, showering down many more picked off, one by the one, from afar.. Sharps Carbine small but destructive projectiles on the enemy. The effect was analogous usedand by both cavalries to a weaker version of canister. With case the lethality of the balls Breechloading improvements on theitself—the cumbersome muzzlefragments came from rifles, the velocity of the bursting projectile small burst charge only fragmented the case andintroduced dispersed the shrapnel. loaders, and repeating rifles were during the Civil War. The spherical case used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 78 balls. The Other innovations included rifled cannon and a form of machine gun. name shrapnel derives from its inventor, Henry Shrapnel. The Civil War marked the beginning of a new era in naval warfare, symbolized by the first battle between ironclad ships, the Monitor USS Alligator and the Merrimack. Other experiments in naval warfare included submarines--most were failures—and electrically controlled mines. The First Modern War (cont.) Transportation was modernized, with railroads used widely to move troops and supplies. The telegraph changed wartime communications. Union armies sent an estimated 6 million telegrams over 15,000 miles of wire set up by the Signal Corps. The most spectacular railroad supply system was that maintained for Sherman during his siege of Atlanta: 1,600 tons of supplies arrived daily in 18 trains from Union depots northwest of the city. The Civil War was a modern war in the important sense that it required a break with traditional military thinking in order to achieve victory. Most Civil War generals on both sides regarded cities and territories—not enemy armies—as their objectives. They hoped to win by maneuvering rather than by fighting. By contrast, Lincoln’s overall strategy was to move on all fronts simultaneously in order to crush the enemy’s forces and gain control of his resources. This warfare of annihilation was a plan that tradition-bound generals scorned. Only in Grant and Sherman did Lincoln find generals who would employ his strategy successfully. They were willing to break the rules, to play, and win, a new and deadly game. I. Choosing Sides (Pages 460-462) Seven states left the Union and formed the Confederacy in February 1861. After Sumter, Lincoln issued a call for troops to save the Union. His action caused Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas to join the Confederacy. The border states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware stayed in the Union but were divided over which side to support Missouri could control parts of the Mississippi River and major routes west. Kentucky controlled the Ohio River. Delaware was close to the North's important city of Philadelphia. Maryland was very close to Richmond, the Confederate capital and had important railroad lines, and had the Union's capital of Washington, D.C., within its borders. 20 Continued In April a mob in Baltimore attacked Northern troops. Lincoln had to be cautious in his response so as not to upset the people of the border states and especially Maryland. Most white Southerners supported secession, but people in the Appalachian region of Tennessee and Virginia opposed it. In 1861 48 counties of Virginia organized themselves as a separate state called West Virginia. Congress admitted it in 1863 21 II. Comparing North and South (Pages 462-463) Both sides had advantages and disadvantages. The following were the North's advantages: a larger population more industry more resources a better banking system to help raise money more ships (see USS Alligator (1862) video) regular navy members who were mostly loyal to the Union a larger and more efficient railway system Abraham Lincoln's dedication, intelligence, skill, and humanity The following were the North's disadvantages: In order to bring the Southern states back in to the Union it would have to invade and hold the South. Many people believed the South had a good chance of winning. 22 "Ah! these are my brave Texans. I know you, and I know that you can and will keep those people back!" they greeted him with even more than their accustomed enthusiasm as they hurried to the front. But they were soon horrified to find that their beloved Chief was going with them into the thickest of the fight. The men The following were Lee! theDoSouthern advantages: began to shout: "Go back, General go back! General Lee to the rear -General Lee to the rear!" A ragged veteran the the ranks white and seizedpopulation his strong support for thestepped war from from horse's reins, and at last the whole brigade halted and exclaimed, with one voice, "Wewill troops not advance fighting unless General onLee their goes back, ownbutland if he will not expose RESOURCES OFdrive THE the UNION AND THE May CONFEDERACY , 1861 himself, we pledge ourselves to enemy back.“ 6th, 1864, in the Wilderness II. Continued superior military leadership at first (General Robert E. UNION CONFEDERACY Lee) “General Lee to the Rear” Jefferson Davis, Population 23,000,000 8,700,00* Real and personalof property $11,000,000,000 was $5,370,000,000 President the Confederacy a West Point Banking Capital $330,000,000 $27,000,000 graduate Capital investment $850,000,000 $95,000,000 Manufacturing establishments 1I0,000 18,000 The following were the South's disadvantages: Value of production (annual) $1,500,000,000 $155,000,000 workers 1,300,000 110,000 Industrial smaller population Locomotives 451,000 19,000 mileage 22,000 9,000 Railroad few factories *Including 3,500,000 slaves fewer resources, including an inferior railroad system with fewer than half the miles of track and fewer trains than the North belief in states' right that limited a strong central 23 government's power II. Continued War goals were different. The North at first wanted to bring the Southern states back into the Union and later wanted to also end slavery. The Union's plan had three parts: Blockade Southern ports to prevent supplies from entering and cotton from being exported. Gain control of the Mississippi River to cut Southern supply lines and to split the Confederacy. Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital The South's goal was to win recognition as an independent nation so the South could preserve their traditional way of life, including slavery. Its strategy included the following: holding on to as much territory as possible until the North tired of fighting having Britain and France pressure the North to end the war sometimes going on the attack by moving north to threaten Washington, D.C., and other Northern cities. III. American People at War (Pages 463-464) Soldiers came from all walks of life although many came from farms. (Billy Yank, Johnny Reb) The number of soldiers from the North and South differed greatly. Both sides expected the war to end quickly. Civil War Medicine Did You Know? General William Tecumseh Sherman was Chapter 16, Section 2 once asked which was his worst experience in battle during the Civil War. Without hesitation, he replied "Shiloh! . Finding Grant at the end of the day sitting under an oak tree in the darkness smoking a cigar, he experienced, in his own words "some wise and sudden instinct not to mention retreat". Instead, in what would become one of the most famous conversations of the war, Sherman said simply: "Well, Grant, we've had the devil's own day, haven't we?" After a puff of his cigar, Grant replied calmly: "Yes. Lick 'em tomorrow, though." Sherman Quotes on War You people of the South don't know what you are doing. This country will be drenched in blood, and God only knows how it will end. It is all folly, madness, a crime against civilization! You people speak so lightly of war; you don't know what you're talking about. War is a terrible thing! – From a speech to Prof. David F. French at the Louisiana State Seminary, Dec. 24, 1860 War is the remedy our enemies have chosen, and I say let us give them all they want. I would make this war as severe as possible, and show no symptoms of tiring till the South begs for mercy. This war differs from other wars in this particular: We are not fighting armies but a hostile people, and must make young and old, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war. You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it; and those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out. – From a letter to the City Council of Atlanta, Sept. 12, 1864 Atlanta is ours, and fairly won. – From a telegram to President Lincoln I can make this march, and I will make Georgia howl! – From a telegram to General Grant Hold the fort! I am coming! – Signal to Gen. John M. Corse at Allatoona, Oct. 5, 1864 I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah. – From a letter to President Lincoln If you get blown up I don't care! – (To a Confederate Prisoner 1865) More I regard the death and mangling of a couple thousand men as a small affair, a kind of morning dash — and it may be well that we become so hardened. – From a letter to his wife, July 1864 I think I understand what military fame is: to be killed on the field of battle and have your name misspelled in the newspapers. Every attempt to make war easy and safe will result in humiliation and defeat. There is many a boy here today who looks on war as all glory, but, boys, it is all hell. – From an address to the graduating class of the Michigan Military Academy, June 19, 1879, known as his "War is hell" speech I confess, without shame, that I am sick and tired of fighting—its glory is all moonshine; even success the most brilliant is over dead and mangled bodies, with the anguish and lamentations of distant families, appealing to me for sons, husbands, and fathers ... it is only those who have never heard a shot, never heard the shriek and groans of the wounded and lacerated ... that cry aloud for more blood, more vengeance, more desolation. (from a letter) I. First Battle Bull Run Interestingof Stuff Great Skedaddle (PagesThe 466-467) THOMAS J. "STONEWALL" JACKSON The first major battle of the Civil War was called Jackson was seriously wounded by his own men as thereturned First Battle ofbattlefield Bull Run. It was fought in he from the at Chancellorville, northern near a up river Virginia. HisVirginia left arm was shot andcalled had to Bull be Run. amputated. The arm was spirited away by someone and buried in a nondescript grave near the site of the Thebattle. Confederates were Union Jackson was takenvictorious. to a safer place to troops Shotled by his own pickets at Chancellorville on May 2, Confederate 1863 Jackson by Irvin McDowell attacked but died days on later taken willrecuperate, die of complications fromeight his surgery Mayand 10thwas . A few forces led to bybehe General P.G.T. Beauregard. to Lexington buried. the arm was A.P. HillNext, moments before he died cried outIn in 1929 his delirium, "Order exhumed, placed inthe a under small box (it front had rapidly! been the Rebels rallied General Thomas to prepare for action! Pass infantry to the Tell wrapped in cloth) and reburied the Ellwood Major Hawks"—then stopped, leaving theat sentence unfinished. "Stonewall" Jackson's reinforcement troops and Dan Sickles's leg, along with a cannonball similar toand the one that Family Cemetery near Spotsylvania. Presently a smile spread over his pale face, and he said quietly, counterattacked the Yankees. Then, the Union shattered it, on display at the National Museum of Health and with an expression, as if of relief, "Let us cross over the river, and rest Medicine back army retreated toa Washington, D.C., first in [33] As under the shade of the trees." result Jackson was not with Lee "With the compliments of Major General D.E.S." an orderly fashion and then in a panic. The at Gettysburg on For July 1-3 1863 several years thereafter, he reportedly visited the limb on the Confederate victory anniversary of theshocked amputation. the North.