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U.S. History II Mecchia/Kaszonyi/Hollis Chapter 19: The Civil War Section 1: The War Begins Lincoln Faces a Crisis Intention was to preserve the Union: Pledged he would not try to end slavery in inaugural address South did not respond to call for unity Confederate officials take over many federal mints, arms storehouses, & forts Fort Sumter Near Charleston, SC April 12, 1861-Confederates fire on Fort Sumter Civil War begins Choosing Sides Slaves states not part of Confederacy had to choose sides Upper southern states-NC, TN, VA join Confederacy Arkansas also joins Confederacy Provided soldiers & industrial resources Capital of Confederacy: Richmond, VA BORDER STATES Slaveholding states that remained in the Union Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri KY & MO controlled stretches of Ohio & Mississippi Rivers Washington D.C. located in MD Federal troops sent into MD and western VA: set up state govt. West Virginia joined Union in 1863 The Beginning of the War Neither side prepared for war Relied heavily on volunteers Union Army: 16,000 troops at beg. of war Members of same family often on different sides Civilians: raised $$$, provided aid for soldiers & families, ran hospitals Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell: 1st woman to earn medical license June 1861-Convinced Lincoln to form US Sanitary Commission (Sent bandages, medicines, & food to US Army camps, hospitals) The North vs. The South Union advantages: Larger population=more soldiers More factories, economic infrastructure More shipyards & ships Better network of railroads Able to raise more money to spend on war Confederate advantages: Military tradition=many skilled officers High command superior to Union’s Better cavalry-skilled horsemen & sharpshooters Only needed to defend itself until North grew tired of war North: defeat southern forces & occupy large areas of enemy territory Military Strategies Based on strengths of each side Union: Winfield Scott developed two-part strategy o Use naval blockade to destroy Southern economy: ‘Anaconda’ o Gain control of Mississippi River and divide Confederacy in two: cut communications Confederacy: defend territory & wear down Union’s will to fight o Offensive plan: take Washington, D.C. o Jefferson Davis- major role; 6 secretaries of war in 4 years o Union & Confederate strategies led to war on land & sea Cotton Diplomacy o Confederate plan to win allies o Based on Southern belief that British govt. would support them b/c of reliance on cotton for textile industry Section 2: The War in the East First Battle of Bull Run o 1st major clash between Union & Confederate armies o Manassas Junction, Virginia o July 21, 1861 o 35, 000 Union troops led by Gen. Irvin McDowell o 35,000 Confederates camped along Bull Run Creek o Led by P.G.T. Beauregard (Pierre Gustave Toutant) o At 1st, Union troops pushed Confederates back o Unit led by Thomas Jackson held line…Nicknamed ‘Stonewall’ o Confederates reinforced; drove Union army back o Union retreated; Confederates missed opportunity to take Washington, D.C. Outcome: Confederate victory Losses: Union 2,896, Confederate 1,982 Broke Union hopes of a quick, easy war Union command turned over to Gen. George B. McClellan Peninsula Campaign o April 1862: McClellan landed huge Union force near Yorktown o Did not attack: Thought he was outnumbered o Gave Confederates time to strengthen Richmond’s defenses o May 1862-McClellan took Yorktown o Confederates forced to retreat Robert E. Lee o Placed in command of Confederate army in June 1862 o Called ‘greatest general of the age’ o Against slavery & secession, but loyal to the South & Virginia o Resigned from Union army when VA seceded Seven Days’ Battles o Lee strengthened defensive positions around Richmond o Five separate battles fought between June 26 & July 1, 1862 o Casualties: o Confederate- 20,000, Union- 16,000 o Victor: Confederates o Lee forced McClellan to retreat from area around Richmond o Lincoln fired McClellan o Replaced by Gen. John Pope o Ordered to advance directly on Richmond Second Bull Run o August 29, 1862 o Troops: 76,000 Union vs. 48,000 Confederates o Stonewall Jackson attacked Union’s right side o Lee struck Union’s left side o Pope outmaneuvered and caught off-guard; Retreated o Victor: Confederates o Losses: o Union- 16,000 (21%), Confederates- 9,000 (19%) o Union army humiliated again o By end of 1862 Lee had pushed most of Union forces out of VA o Decided to take war into the North THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM o Lee moved quickly after 2nd Bull Run o Confederate leaders hoped a victory on Northern soil would: o Break Union’s spirit o Convince European powers to aid the South o Lincoln replaced Pope with McClellan o Confederate leader: Robert E. Lee o Called Sharpsburg by the South o Lee crossed Potomac into MD McClellan had Lee’s battle plans for invading North o McClellan knew Lee was splitting force in two, BUT McClellan hesitated again o Two sides meet on September 17, 1862 o 75,000 Union troops vs. 52,000 Confederates o Single bloodiest day of the Civil War o Casualties: o -Union 12,000 -Confederates 13,000 o Battle lines move back & forth o OUTCOME: Union wins o Lee retreats to Virginia o -McClellan failed to pursue & crush Lee Implications of ANTIETAM o Lee’s army suffers huge losses but still a major force o Invasion of North halted o Nov. 1862-Lincoln fired McClellan for the final time o Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation THE WAR AT SEA o Union controlled sea at onset of war o Union Navy blockaded the South o Cut off trade, hurt economy o Coastline from VA to TX o Blockade Runners o New chapter in naval warfare o Ironclad: heavily armored iron warship Confederates-Turned captured Union ship Merrimac into ironclad; renamed Virginia Monitor: Union’s Ironclad March 9, 1862 -Several hours of fighting -Neither ship seriously damaged -Outcome: DRAW -But Monitor forced Virginia to withdraw -Union fleet & blockade still strong -Navies w/ wooden ships became obsolete Fredericksburg -After Antietam, Lincoln replaced Gen. McClellan with Gen. Ambrose Burnside -Union: 100,000 men -Organized Army of Potomac into three huge corps: made movement difficult -Under pressure to attack, but waited 3 weeks -Gave Lee’s army time to organize -Confederates: 78,000 men under command of Robert E. Lee -2 Corps: Stonewall Jackson & James Longstreet -Had time to entrench on high ground outside Fredericksburg -Burnside attacks Lee’s fortified position -WHEN: December 13, 1862 -14 Union charges against hilltop Confederate position; Each a suicide mission Losses: *Union: 12,700 *Confederate: 5,300 Implications of Fredericksburg -Decisive Confederate victory -Worst defeat in history of U.S. Army -Burnside replaced by Gen. Joseph Hooker in January 1863 Chancellorsville Spring 1863- “Fighting Joe” Hooker in charge of Army of the Potomac Planned to strike Lee at Fredericksburg Union Plan: Split Union Army into thirds Confederate Plan: Use JEB Stuart’s cavalry to control roads around Chancellorsville so Union could not send troops to scout May 2-4, 1863, Northeastern Virginia Union: 100,000 men, Confederates: 54,000 men Lee split his army Confederates routed the Union army Included surprise attack by Stonewall Jackson Jackson mistakenly shot by own men; Died on May 10, 1863 Results: Chancellorsville “Lee’s Masterpiece” Confederate victory Hooker-lost against a ragged, poorly equipped army less than ½ the size of his Losses: Union 17,000 (19% of Army), Confederates 13,000 (25% of Army) Implications of Chancellorsville Victory raised southern spirits Decided to invade the North again Leads to Gettysburg in July 1863 Lincoln replaced Hooker with General George Meade Section 3: The War in the West Western Strategy -Union strategy – focused on controlling the Mississippi River would cut the Confederacy in half: affect supply & communication networks Ulysses S. Grant – most important general in the west -By Feb 1862 – Union forced captured Nashville - controlled Kentucky and much of Tennessee Battle of Shiloh – April 6, 1862 Confederate forces led by Albert Sydney Johnston and PGT Beauregard Attacked the Union forces at Pittsburg Landing Caught Union by surprise – pushed back Union forces Confederates leading after first day Union reinforced overnight Push Confederates back – forced to retreat before end of day Union victory – won control of much of Mississippi River Fighting for the Mississippi River -Union commanders wanted to capture positions along Mississippi River -Navy would try to take New Orleans – largest city in the South David Farragut - Union, Captured New Orleans on April 29, 1863 -Sailed up Mississippi River and captured Baton Rouge and Natchez MS =Only Confederate city left was Vicksburg MS Vicksburg John C. Pemberton – Confederate General in charge at Vicksburg Spring 1863 – Union forces led by Ulysses S. Grant arrived at Vicksburg -surrounded the city Siege of Vicksburg – lasted 6 weeks Confederates surrendered on July 4, 1863 Surrender of Vicksburg gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union. Section 4: Life During the War Freeing the Slaves Lincoln supported freeing slaves if it would help North win the war Problems Lincoln faced concerning emancipation: o Northern prejudice against African Americans might weaken support for war o Some northerners might consider slaves property that southerners had right to keep o Constitution did not give Pres. power to end slavery in U.S. Lincoln decided to issue military order freeing slaves in areas controlled by Confederacy Did not free slaves in slaveholding border states Waited for northern victory in the East to give announcement Emancipation Proclamation o Issued after Battle of Antietam o September 22, 1862 o Went into effect January 1, 1863 o Loss of slave labor hurt southern economy & Confederate war effort o Supported by many African Americans & northerners o Popular support in Great Britain & France o Opposed by many northern Democrats: wanted to restore Union, not end slavery o Some abolitionists said it did not go far enough b/c slavery was still legal African Americans & The War o Fall 1862-Finally allowed to fight in the North; For 1st time in history, could join U.S. Army o Had petitioned earlier, but denied o 54th Massachusetts Infantry: Mostly African Americans, most famous unit Role of African Americans o Military service would help earn equal rights o Pride in military service o Practical decision by Union leaders…Needed more soldiers o 180,000 African Americans served in Union army during war o Fought in 39 major battles Experience of African Americans in the War o Faced discrimination o Received less pay than white soldiers; Usually led by white officers o Confederate troops killed African American POWs or sold them into slavery Problems in the North o Issue of ending slavery o Frustrated by length of war and number of casualties o Copperheads: Northern Democrats who spoke out against war o Lincoln felt Copperheads threatened war effort o Suspended Right of Habeas Corpus: Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment The Draft in the North o Volunteer enlistments falling o March 1863-Union passes 1st Draft Law o Men 20-45 yrs old, term of 3 yrs o Could be avoided by paying fine or finding substitute o Desertion & bounty jumping were major problems Southern Struggles o Naval blockade = heavy toll on South o Value of Confederate dollar fell rapidly; Massive inflation o Spring 1863-Food riots in many southern cities o Draft Law passed in 1862 o Automatically exempt if owned 20 + slaves o Protests/riots over draft in North & South Life on the Home Front o War involved people at all levels of society on both sides o Over 3000 nurses in Union army: Led by Dorothea Dix o Clara Barton: Work formed basis of American Red Cross o Soldiers faced bad weather, disease, unsafe food o Twice as many soldiers died of disease than in combat Prisoners of War o Suffered greatly o Worst Civil War prison: Andersonville, Southwest Georgia o Thousands of Union soldiers held there w/o food or shelter o 150 deaths per day Section 5: The Tide of the War Turns Battle of Gettysburg o High point of war for Confederates; Change in morale o Greatest battle ever fought in Western Hemisphere o July 1, 2, & 3 1863 o Three days; Over 150,000 men o Union Leaders: Gen. George Meade & Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock o Confederate Leaders: Gen. Robert E. Lee & Gen. James Longstreet July 1, 1863 (Day One) o Confederates came from north & west o Union outnumbered, but Gen. John Buford (U) gets the high ground o Union troops pushed back through town of Gettysburg o Ewell: Failed to move & occupy high ground o Outcome: Confederates win (Definite, but indecisive) o Lee ordered follow-up attack, but none carried out o Lee says “Stonewall Jackson” would have won July 2, 1863 (Day Two) o Confederates attacked both ends of Union line (fishhook) o Union now has numbers advantage…90,000 vs. 75,000 o Outcome: DRAW o Momentum changing in favor of North July 3, 1863 (Day Three) o Lee thought Union army worn down enough to defeat o Planned massive assault o Strike center of Union line Pickett’s Charge o Unprecedented cannon dueling; Infantry moves towards center of Union line o General George Pickett o 12,500-15,000 Confederates, Crossed field over a mile long o Absolute disaster for Confederates o All 15 Confederate regimental commanders died or wounded o Only 5000 Confederates returned o Union victory o Lee takes all the blame Battle of Gettysburg o July 4, 1863; Union won o Lee retreats back to VA o Turning point of the war o South will never invade North again or regain military strength o Casualties: Confederates: 28,000 1/3 of all men engaged & Union: 23,000 o 51,000 casualties total Gettysburg Address o Abraham Lincoln o Speech at dedication of new National Cemetery o What makes nation unique; Shared vision Civil War Continues o After Gettysburg & Vicksburg, death of Confederacy only a matter of time o But Confederates still thought they could win…War lasts two more years… Grant’s Drive to Richmond o Grant seen as national hero; Given command of Union forces in March 1864 o Launched Wilderness Campaign = series of battles o When? May-June 1864 o Where? Northern & Central Virginia o 100,000 Union vs. 70,000 Confederates Wilderness Campaign o Battle of Cold Harbor - Grant’s worst defeat of the campaign o 7000 troops killed/wounded in 1 hr. o Battle ends Grant’s plans to advance on Richmond o RESULT: Draw o Union suffered twice as many casualties as Confederates overall o Grant continued aggressive strategy Sherman’s March to the Sea o Atlanta Campaign; Led by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman o Marched south from Tennessee w/ 100,000 troops o Objectives: o Cut Confederacy in two o Attack & surround Lee’s army from the South o Waged TOTAL WAR: destroyed both civilian and military resources o Took Atlanta on September 2, 1864 o Reached & conquered Savannah o Left behind path of destruction over 250 miles long o Accomplishments: o Loss of Atlanta deprived South of major railroad hub & industrial city o Assured Lincoln’s reelection o Showed Northerners that progress was being made in defeating the South The End of the War o April 1865: Sherman closed in on North Carolina & Grant broke through Conf. defenses at Petersburg o April 2nd- Lee forced to retreat from Richmond o 2nd week of April 1865-Lee’s army is surrounded o Grant demanded surrender o Trapped in Appomattox Courthouse, VA The South Surrenders o Lee concluded situation was hopeless o April 9, 1865: Union & Confederate leaders met…Lee surrendered o Lasting Effects of Civil War: o Almost 620,000 dead in 4 years o Most costly conflict in U.S. history o Lasting bitterness between North & South