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ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS Are you organized? organization Life is characterized by hierarchical levels of organization. Animals are multicellular organisms with their specialized cells grouped into tissues. Combinations of various tissues make up functional units called organs Groups of organs that work together form organ systems. Cell Tissues Organ Organ system ORGANIZATION organs In all but the simplest animals (sponges and some cnidarians) different tissues are organized into organs These organs also organized to form a group working together called ORGAN SYSTEMS. ORGAN SYSTEMS Digestive Respiratory Integumentary Immune Lymphatic Muscular Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Excretory Reproductive Circulatory Organ systems Each organ system consists of several organs and has specific functions Organ system Main components Main Function Digestive Mouth,pharynx, esophagus,stomach, intestines,liver, pancreas, anus Food processing ( mastication, ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood Internal distribution of materials Respiratory Lungs, trachea, alveolus Gas exchange (uptake of O2, disposal of carbon dioxide Organ system Main Component Main Function Immune and Lymphatic Bone marrow, lymph Body defense nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells Excretory Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood Endocrine Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, other hormone secreting glands Coordination of body activities (digestion, metabolism) Reproductive Ovary, testes, other associated organs Reproduction Organ system Main Component Main Function Nervous Brain, spinal chord, nerves, Coordination of body sensory organs activities, detection of stimuli and formulation of response to them Integumentary Skin and its derivatives Protection against mechanical injury, infection, drying out Skeletal Skeleton ( bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments) Body support, protection of internal organs Muscular Skeletal muscles Movement, locomotion Digestive system Digestion-The breakdown of large molecules (food) into small soluble molecules. This is done by digestive juices and enzymes. Once food is digested it can pass through your gut wall into your blood. Your blood then carries the digested food all around your body where it is used for growth, movement and repairing cells. Digestion begins in your mouth with action of your teeth and tongue (mechanical digestion) and your salivary glands (chemical digestion) (MASTICATION). The salivary glands produce enzymes (PTYALIN,AMYLASE) that are mixed with the food, breaking down the starches. PERISTALSIS is the muscular action that moves the food through the esophagus and into your stomach after you swallow STOMACH stomach The food (through peristaltic movement) moves into your stomach, which contains chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin. FUNCTIONS: 1. Storage and mixing of food bolus from the esophagus 2. Secrete substances that start digestion of protein (enzymes, mucus, and HCl) 3. Help control the rate at which food moves into the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter. Distention of stomach as food bolus enters Pepsin breaks proteins, and other enzymes (HCl) break down fat Salts and simple sugars can be absorbed rapidly 3-4 hours after a meal, stomach contents have been sufficiently mixed and are a semiliquid mass (CHYME) Your stomach gradually releases these materials into the upper small intestine (duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your stomach also has a thick coating of mucus to protect it form the acids and to keep it from digesting itself! Empty stomach- peristaltic waves stop. 10 hours of fasting- new waves occur ( HUNGER PANGS) LIVER largest and heaviest organ of your body breaks down many substances and toxins, and produces bile- a substance that helps break down fat. The bile flows from the liver into the gall bladder, where it is stored until needed. The pancreas lies between the stomach and the duodenum and produces enzymes that flow into the small intestines, helping to break up complex starches, proteins, and fats. FUNCTIONS Conversion of carbohydrates and proteins into fat Detoxification Heat producer ( raising temperature of blood passing through it) Manufacture bile salts Main storage center SMALL INTESTINE CHYME passes through an opening (called the pylorus sphincter)into the small intestines. all the nutrients are absorbed leaving undigestible wastes. These wastes pass into the large intestines, where water is removed. Then the wastes are stored in the rectum until they are released by the anus. The Villi add surface area to increase absorption of food and nutrients. On the left you see how the villi line your small intestines, and on the left you see 1 villi with its capillaries. trivia • The human large intestine, or colon, is home to many microorganisms, such as the bacterium Escherischia coli (E. coli). • Certain foods contain large amounts of carbohydrates that our digestive enzymes cannot break down. When these carbohydrates reach the large intestine, our gut microbes respond by "having a party³ (reproducing rapidly, giving off gases such as methane and hydrogen sulfide as natural by-products of their activities). This is the cause of the discomfort and flatulence associated with eating beans, cabbage, and other gas-promoting foods. Fortunately for gas sufferers, the enzymes that enable our microbes to break down complex carbohydrates are now available in pill form. If these are taken before a meal, the enzymes break down the carbohydrates in the small intestine so that they can be absorbed by the body before they reach the hungry throngs of bacteria living in the colon. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NASAL OR ORAL CAVITIES PHARYNX-common area for respiratory and digestive tract Larynx- connected with the pharynx Epiglottis- flap, prevents food from entering trachea when swallowing INHALATION Air from the larynx moves into the trachea (windpipe) Branches into right and left bronchioles Then to terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles that connect to the gas exchange portion of respiratory system Gas exchange Surrounding alveoli are many capillaries Alveoli- functional unit of the lungs (gas exchange portion) It is here that oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) 2 PHASES 1. INHALATION-intake of air 2. EXHALATION-outflow of air inhalation Several sets of muscles contract (diaphragm and intercostal muscles)- ENLARGEMENT OF THORACIC CAVITY Thoracic cavity is enlarged further when the diaphragms contracts and flattens The increase size of the thoracic cavity causes the pressure in the cavity to drop below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to rush into the lungs, and they inflate. exhalation The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relaxes- smaller thoracic cavity Abdominal muscles contract pushing the abdominal organs against the diaphragm, increasing pressure on thoracic cavity Contraction of lungs and compression of air in alveoli-great alveolar pressure ( greater than atmospheric pressure)-expulsion of air alveoli