Download Name ZOOLOGY NOTES – CHAPTER 44 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Name ___________________________________
ZOOLOGY
NOTES – CHAPTER 44
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
I.
Development of Behavior
a. Objectives
i. Identify four questions asked by biologists who study behavior
ii. Describe an example of an innate behavior
iii. Compare four types of learned behavior
iv. Explain how learning and genes can interact to affect behavior
b. The Study of Behavior
i. Ethologists are ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
1. Behavior can be defined as __________________________________
________________________________________ or to the environment
2. Two examples of behavior are a ________________________________
and a ______________________________________________________
ii. In order to better study behavior ethologists ask _________________________
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
iii. Genes and Behavior
1. One important factor of behavior is _____________________________
2. Ethologists study this by ______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. By studying the offspring of this mating pair ethologists can __________
___________________________________________________________
iv. Natural Selection and Behavior
1. Ethologists have hypothesized that ______________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Because genes control some behaviors, __________________________
___________________________________________________________
v. Innate Behavior
1. Some behaviors are inherited actions that ________________________
_________________________________________. These types of
behaviors are called __________________________________________
2. Fixed Action Patterns
a. Fixed action pattern is a ________________________________
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________ they perform it
b. Fixed action patterns continue from ______________________
without modification once an ____________________________
____________________________________________________
c. Other factors besides environmental stimulus may influence
____________________________________________________
vi. Learned behavior
1. When behaviors are __________________________________________
2. Four types of learning are _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. The study of learned behavior is central to much of _________________
4. Habituation
a. The simplest type of learning is called _____________________
b. Habituation is a type of _________________________________
____________________________________________________
c. Habituation can _______________________________________
____________________________________________________
5. Operant Conditioning
a. A type of trial and error learning is called __________________,
in which specific animal behaviors are _____________________
____________________________________________________
b. Operant conditioning usually happens in a _________________.
Operant conditioning also is easier to _____________________
____________________________________________________
6. Classical Conditioning
a. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an animal
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
b. Classical conditioning can _______________________________
7. Problem-solving and reasoning
a. In problem-solving learning, _____________________________
_________________________, such as watching an older
offspring or trial and error, to ____________________________
b. One type of problem-solving, ____________________________
solve ______________________________________________
a way that is not dictated _______________________________
c. This type of behavior occurs without trial-and-error, as if the
____________________________________________________
vii. Genes, Learning and Behavior
1.
II.
Most ethologists today have come to agree that animal behavior,
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Imprinting
a. One class of behavior that is determined by ________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
environment.
b. Imprinting occurs during a ______________________________
_____________________________ This period of development
is called a ___________________________________________.
c. Certain forms of learning that occur during this time _________
____________________________________________________.
Types of Animal Behavior
a. Objectives
i. Discuss the optimality hypothesis and feeding behavior
ii. List three types of competitive behavior
iii. Describe three different types of reproductive behavior
iv. Name five kinds of communication
v. Identify costs and benefits of social behavior
vi. Describe four types of cyclic behavior
b. Feeding Behavior
i. Animals must ______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
ii. The optimality hypothesis is the idea that animals ________________________
_________________________________________________________________
c. Competitive behavior
i. Because most resources are limited, ___________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
ii. There are many types of behavior that can be seen as a result of ____________
_________________________________________________________________
iii. Aggressive behavior
1. Aggressive behavior can be defined as ___________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Aggressive behavior can be seen ________________________________
iv. Territorial Behavior
1. A territory is an area that an ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. An animal will establish its territory in any number of ways and _______
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
v. Dominance Hierarchies
1. Competition can lead to a ______________________________ of
individuals within the group, from most _________________________.
This type of ranking is called a _________________________________.
2. This type of hierarchy reduces the ______________________________
__________________________________________________________.
d. Reproductive Behavior
i. Elaborate behaviors have evolved around _______________________________
______________________, which may allow these animals to recognize
members of the same species or members of the opposite sex, or ___________
_________________________________________________________________
ii. Sexual Selection
1. Animals generally choose _____________________________________,
and this type of _____________________________________________
2. These traits or behaviors will ___________________________________
population, because these individuals ___________________________
__________________________________________________________.
3. Another means of attracting a _________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4. In some species, _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
a. A ritual is usually __________________________ and may
consist of __________________________________________
that indicate a willingness to mate
iii. Mating Systems
1. Mating systems increase the ___________________________________
2. Male polygamy (________________________________), monogamy,
and female polygamy (________________________________ are
reproductive strategies that are ________________________________
___________________________________________________________
iv. Parental Behavior
1. The benefit of parental care is that it __________________________
will _______________________________________________________
2. The costs are that _________________________________________ for
a small number of young because of the __________________________
___________________________________________________________
e. Communication
i. Communication is a transfer of a ___________________________________that
results in some type of ___________________________
ii. There are many ways animals can _____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
iii. Sight and Sound
1. Color can be used to _________________________________________
2. Bright colors often serve as a _______________________________.
This is called ____________________________________________
3. Some animals gain _______________________________________.
This strategy is called _____________________________________
4. Animals can also use _____________________________________.
iv. Chemicals
1. Chemical communication can convey _________________________
and time _______________________________________________
2. Some animals release _____________________________________
________________________________________________________
v. Touch
1. Species that inhabit ________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
vi. Language
1. In order to be considered language, there are ____________________
__________________________________________________________
of these criteria
2. Among these are phonemes
(________________________________________________),
productivity (________________________________________________
______________________) and grammar (________________________
__________________________________________________________)
f. Social Behavior
i. Social Groups
1. Social groups have evolved in the animal kingdom because __________
_________________________________. These benefits can include
__________________________________________________________.
2. There are also disadvantages to living in a social group, such as
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ii. Altruism
1. When one member of a social group acts in a way that ______________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. There are several ways in which an ______________________________
towards his social group
g. Cyclic behavior
i. An animal displays cyclic behaviors when it has ___________________________
_________________________________________________________________
ii. Biological Rhythms
1. There are many types of ______________________________________
a. A daily biological cycle is called a _________________________
b. Another type of biological rhythm is one based on the _______,
and is called a _____________________________
c. There are also _________________________________. One
such annual cycle is called ___________________________
i. Hibernation is a period of ________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
h. Migratory Behavior
i. Migration is a ________________________________________________
______________________________________________-species
ii. Migration ___________________________________ yet it allows animals to
find habitats with _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________