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Name ___________________________________ ZOOLOGY NOTES – CHAPTER 44 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR I. Development of Behavior a. Objectives i. Identify four questions asked by biologists who study behavior ii. Describe an example of an innate behavior iii. Compare four types of learned behavior iv. Explain how learning and genes can interact to affect behavior b. The Study of Behavior i. Ethologists are ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 1. Behavior can be defined as __________________________________ ________________________________________ or to the environment 2. Two examples of behavior are a ________________________________ and a ______________________________________________________ ii. In order to better study behavior ethologists ask _________________________ 1. ___________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________ iii. Genes and Behavior 1. One important factor of behavior is _____________________________ 2. Ethologists study this by ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3. By studying the offspring of this mating pair ethologists can __________ ___________________________________________________________ iv. Natural Selection and Behavior 1. Ethologists have hypothesized that ______________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Because genes control some behaviors, __________________________ ___________________________________________________________ v. Innate Behavior 1. Some behaviors are inherited actions that ________________________ _________________________________________. These types of behaviors are called __________________________________________ 2. Fixed Action Patterns a. Fixed action pattern is a ________________________________ ____________________________________________________ _______________________________________ they perform it b. Fixed action patterns continue from ______________________ without modification once an ____________________________ ____________________________________________________ c. Other factors besides environmental stimulus may influence ____________________________________________________ vi. Learned behavior 1. When behaviors are __________________________________________ 2. Four types of learning are _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3. The study of learned behavior is central to much of _________________ 4. Habituation a. The simplest type of learning is called _____________________ b. Habituation is a type of _________________________________ ____________________________________________________ c. Habituation can _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 5. Operant Conditioning a. A type of trial and error learning is called __________________, in which specific animal behaviors are _____________________ ____________________________________________________ b. Operant conditioning usually happens in a _________________. Operant conditioning also is easier to _____________________ ____________________________________________________ 6. Classical Conditioning a. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an animal ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ b. Classical conditioning can _______________________________ 7. Problem-solving and reasoning a. In problem-solving learning, _____________________________ _________________________, such as watching an older offspring or trial and error, to ____________________________ b. One type of problem-solving, ____________________________ solve ______________________________________________ a way that is not dictated _______________________________ c. This type of behavior occurs without trial-and-error, as if the ____________________________________________________ vii. Genes, Learning and Behavior 1. II. Most ethologists today have come to agree that animal behavior, ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Imprinting a. One class of behavior that is determined by ________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ environment. b. Imprinting occurs during a ______________________________ _____________________________ This period of development is called a ___________________________________________. c. Certain forms of learning that occur during this time _________ ____________________________________________________. Types of Animal Behavior a. Objectives i. Discuss the optimality hypothesis and feeding behavior ii. List three types of competitive behavior iii. Describe three different types of reproductive behavior iv. Name five kinds of communication v. Identify costs and benefits of social behavior vi. Describe four types of cyclic behavior b. Feeding Behavior i. Animals must ______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ii. The optimality hypothesis is the idea that animals ________________________ _________________________________________________________________ c. Competitive behavior i. Because most resources are limited, ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ii. There are many types of behavior that can be seen as a result of ____________ _________________________________________________________________ iii. Aggressive behavior 1. Aggressive behavior can be defined as ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. Aggressive behavior can be seen ________________________________ iv. Territorial Behavior 1. A territory is an area that an ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 2. An animal will establish its territory in any number of ways and _______ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ v. Dominance Hierarchies 1. Competition can lead to a ______________________________ of individuals within the group, from most _________________________. This type of ranking is called a _________________________________. 2. This type of hierarchy reduces the ______________________________ __________________________________________________________. d. Reproductive Behavior i. Elaborate behaviors have evolved around _______________________________ ______________________, which may allow these animals to recognize members of the same species or members of the opposite sex, or ___________ _________________________________________________________________ ii. Sexual Selection 1. Animals generally choose _____________________________________, and this type of _____________________________________________ 2. These traits or behaviors will ___________________________________ population, because these individuals ___________________________ __________________________________________________________. 3. Another means of attracting a _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4. In some species, _____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ a. A ritual is usually __________________________ and may consist of __________________________________________ that indicate a willingness to mate iii. Mating Systems 1. Mating systems increase the ___________________________________ 2. Male polygamy (________________________________), monogamy, and female polygamy (________________________________ are reproductive strategies that are ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ iv. Parental Behavior 1. The benefit of parental care is that it __________________________ will _______________________________________________________ 2. The costs are that _________________________________________ for a small number of young because of the __________________________ ___________________________________________________________ e. Communication i. Communication is a transfer of a ___________________________________that results in some type of ___________________________ ii. There are many ways animals can _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ iii. Sight and Sound 1. Color can be used to _________________________________________ 2. Bright colors often serve as a _______________________________. This is called ____________________________________________ 3. Some animals gain _______________________________________. This strategy is called _____________________________________ 4. Animals can also use _____________________________________. iv. Chemicals 1. Chemical communication can convey _________________________ and time _______________________________________________ 2. Some animals release _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________ v. Touch 1. Species that inhabit ________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ vi. Language 1. In order to be considered language, there are ____________________ __________________________________________________________ of these criteria 2. Among these are phonemes (________________________________________________), productivity (________________________________________________ ______________________) and grammar (________________________ __________________________________________________________) f. Social Behavior i. Social Groups 1. Social groups have evolved in the animal kingdom because __________ _________________________________. These benefits can include __________________________________________________________. 2. There are also disadvantages to living in a social group, such as ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ii. Altruism 1. When one member of a social group acts in a way that ______________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. There are several ways in which an ______________________________ towards his social group g. Cyclic behavior i. An animal displays cyclic behaviors when it has ___________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ii. Biological Rhythms 1. There are many types of ______________________________________ a. A daily biological cycle is called a _________________________ b. Another type of biological rhythm is one based on the _______, and is called a _____________________________ c. There are also _________________________________. One such annual cycle is called ___________________________ i. Hibernation is a period of ________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ h. Migratory Behavior i. Migration is a ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________-species ii. Migration ___________________________________ yet it allows animals to find habitats with _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________