Download Programming with C++ CT214

CSC 450
Artificial Intelligence
WHAT IS AI?
Thinking humanly
Thinking rationally
Acting humanly
Acting rationally
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ACTING HUMANLY: THE TURING TEST
Alan Turing (1912-1954)
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950)
Imitation Game
Human
Human Interrogator
AI System
ACTING HUMANLY: THE TURING TEST
Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a
30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes.
Anticipated all major arguments against AI in
following 50 years.
Suggested major components of AI: knowledge,
reasoning, language, understanding, learning.
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THINKING HUMANLY: COGNITIVE
MODELLING
Not content to have a program correctly solving a
problem.
More concerned with comparing its reasoning
steps
to traces of human solving the same problem.
Requires testable theories of the workings of the
human mind: cognitive science.
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THINKING RATIONALLY: LAWS OF
THOUGHT
Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to codify
“right thinking”, i.e., irrefutable reasoning
processes.
Formal logic provides a precise notation and
rules for representing and reasoning with all
kinds of things in the world.
Obstacles:
- Informal knowledge representation.
- Computational complexity and resources.
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ACTING RATIONALLY
Acting so as to achieve one’s goals, given one’s
beliefs.
Does not necessarily involve thinking.
Advantages:
- More general than the “laws of thought” approach.
- More amenable to scientific development than
human- based approaches.
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AI PREHISTORY
Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality

Mathematics
Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
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Economics
utility, decision theory
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Neuroscience
physical substrate for mental activity

Psychology
phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
Computer
engineering
building fast computers

Control theory
design systems that maximize an objective
function over time

Linguistics
knowledge representation, grammar
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lec 1, CSC 102 by Asma Kausar@UT,
Tabouk
Philosophy
28/01/2012
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MILESTONES IN AI
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
1923 Karel Capek's play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots)
opens in London (1923). First use of the word 'robot' in English.
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1943 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts publish "A Logical
Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943), laying
foundations for neural networks. First work generally recognized
as AI. Proposed a model of connected artificial neurons, capable
of computing any computable function, and capable of learning.
Used 3000 vacuum tubes to simulate a network of 40 neurons.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_McCulloch
http://www.csulb.edu/~cwallis/artificialn/warren_mcculloch.html
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ABRIDGED HISTORY OF AI
McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

1950
Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"

1956
Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
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1952—69
Look, Ma, no hands!

1950s
Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine

1965
Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
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1966—73
AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
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1969—79
Early development of knowledge-based systems
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1980-- AI becomes an industry
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1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
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1987-- AI becomes a science
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1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
lec 1, CSC 102 by Asma Kausar@UT,
Tabouk
1943
28/01/2012
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STATE OF THE ART
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lec 1, CSC 102 by Asma Kausar@UT,
Tabouk
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Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades (conjecture: unproven proposition)
No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the
time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI
logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up
to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled
the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most
humans
28/01/2012
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MAJOR BRANCHES OF AI
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
Weak AI.
The study and design of machines that perform
intelligent tasks. Not concerned with how
tasks are performed, mostly concerned with
performance and efficiency, such as solutions
that are reasonable for NP-Complete problems.

E.g., to make a flying machine, use logic and
physics, don’t mimic a bird.
MAJOR BRANCHES OF AI
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Strong AI.
The study and design of machines that simulate
the human mind to perform intelligent tasks.
Borrow many ideas from psychology,
neuroscience. Goal is to perform tasks the way
a human might do them – which makes sense,
since we do have models of human thought and
problem solving.
BRANCHES OF AI
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AI PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
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 IPL
 RITA
 ROSIE
 PROLOG
 LISP
TOP AI SCHOOLS
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COMPANIES
Top AI Schools
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AND
Stanford University
MIT
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Berkeley
Also Toronto, Washington, Illinois, Texas, Maryland,
Edinburgh, UCLA, Karlsruhe, and many others.…
Top research labs
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Microsoft Research (MSR)
IBM Research
AT&T Labs
Xerox PARC, SRI, ATR (Japan), …
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