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Transcript
8 The Endocrine System Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Do Now • Grab your folders. • Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet. • Chapter 8 Lesson 1 begins on page 268. • You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet. • Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Today’s Objectives 1. Explain how the endocrine and nervous systems work together to regulate bodily functions. 2. Describe the basic anatomy of the endocrine system. 3. Describe the functions of hormones, and explain how hormones move through the body. 4. Identify the two classifications of hormones. 5. Explain how hormones help maintain homeostasis. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What We’re Covering Today: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System • anatomy of the endocrine system – The endocrine system controls and monitors organs, glands, and processes in the body. – The endocrine system uses hormones that first collect information and then stimulate organs, glands, and tissues. • hormones • hormone secretion control © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Anatomy of the Endocrine System • The endocrine system is a collection of organs and small glands that directly or indirectly influence all the functions of the body. • Endocrine glands – Endocrine glands are ductless glands – “Endo” – meaning within or in – so they secrete substances internally. – Hormones – chemical messengers – These hormones are secreted directly into bloodstream – Examples: hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes, and ovaries. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • Exocrine glands – Gland that secrete externally – Secrete hormones through a duct that are carried to the body’s surface or to other organs. – Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, pancreas glands. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones • Hormones are responsible for many different feelings and drives. • Think about when you are hungry or thirsty? What controls those feelings? • 2 Classifications of Hormones – steroid hormones–lipid-based – amino acid hormones–protein-based • Most steroids are amino acid based © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • Hormone receptors – Hormones are transported throughout the body by the blood. – Hormones only affect the tissues and organs that have receptors specific to those particular hormones. – When the hormone binds with its receptor, the hormone is able to influence the activity of the cell. – Upregulated–increased • Example: Exercise upregulates insulin receptors to make them more sensitive to insulin. – Downregulated–decreased © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormone Secretion Control • Endocrine glands are regulated in three different ways: – neural control • epinephrine – hormonal control • hypothalamic-releasing hormone – humoral control • glucagon © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • Neural Control – Nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to release hormones. – Fight-or-Flight Response: • The Sympathetic Nervous System stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. • These hormones prime the body to fight or flee from a stressful situation. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • Hormonal control – Hormonal control of the endocrine glands and organs is achieved by a hierarchy, or chain of command. – Endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • Example of Hormone Control – – – – Think of the hypothalamus as the president of a company. The pituitary gland is the vice president. The other glands serve as managers. As the president, the hypothalamus directs the activities of the pituitary gland (VP). The pituitary gland then releases its many hormones to direct the “managers”. – The hormones from the “managers” have an end goal to stimulate target tissues. – Once the goal is achieved, the hypothalamus (Pres) and the pituitary gland (VP) receive messages from the managers to turn off the release of hormones. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormone Secretion Control © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. • Humoral Control – Achieved by monitoring the levels of various substances in body fluids, such as the blood. – If a homeostatic imbalance is detected, corrective actions are undertaken to help the body regain homeostasis. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones and Homeostasis • Remember homeostasis is functional balance. • negative feedback – mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Hypothalamus • helps regulates body temperature © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones. 2. Endocrine glands have ducts. 3. Steroid hormones are proteins. 4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated. 5. Glucagon is under humoral control. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.2 Major Endocrine Organs Major Endocrine Organs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Hypothalamus • helps regulate – – – – – metabolism heart rate energy level body temperature thirst © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • prolactin (PRO) – growth of mammary glands – milk production in a nursing mother • growth hormone (GH) – growth of bone and muscles © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) – release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – in females • estrogen production • egg production – in males • sperm production • luteinizing hormone (LH) – in females • ovulation – in males • testosterone © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary • antidiuretic hormone – acts on kidney, decreases urine output • oxytocin – acts on uterus, causes contractions – acts on breast, causes secretion of milk © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Major Endocrine Glands • thyroid gland – thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 • controls rate of metabolism – calcitonin • removes calcium from blood, puts into bones • parathyroid gland – parathyroid hormone • removes calcium from bones, puts into blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Major Endocrine Glands • thymus gland – thymosin • development of immune system • pineal gland – melatonin • produces sleepiness © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Adrenal Glands • adrenal medulla – epinephrine and norepinephrine • adrenaline rush • adrenal cortex – mineralocorticoids • aldosterone • sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys – glucocorticoids • cortisone and cortisol • promote gluconeogenesis – sex hormones • estrogen and androgens • maintains sexual characteristics © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Adrenal Glands © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pancreas • islets of Langerhans – alpha cells • glucagon • increase blood glucose level – beta cells • insulin • decrease blood glucose level © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Gonads • testes – testosterone • sperm production • ovaries – estrogen • secondary sexual characteristics • progesterone • menstrual cycle © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin, or adrenal cortex. 1. The thymus gland produces _______________. 2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin and _______________. 3. Mineralocorticoids are produced by the _______________. 4. T4 is also called _______________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.3 Endocrine Disorders and Diseases Endocrine Disorders and Diseases • • • • • • pituitary disorders thyroid disorders disorders of the parathyroid gland adrenal medulla disorders disorders of the adrenal cortex the pancreas and diabetes mellitus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pituitary Disorders • hyperfunction – acromegaly, or gigantism • hypofunction – dwarfism – diabetes insipidus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Thyroid Disorders • hyperthyroidism – goiter – Graves disease • hypothyroidism – myxedema – neonatal hypothyroidism © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases • disorders of the parathyroid gland – hypercalcemia – hypocalcemia • adrenal medulla disorders – pheochromcytoma © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex • Cushing syndrome – hypersecretion of cortisol • Addison’s disease – hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus • symptoms of diabetes mellitus – polyuria • excessive urination – polydipsia • excessive thirst – polyphagia • increased hunger © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus • type I diabetes mellitus – juvenile-onset • type II diabetes mellitus – adult-onset – insulin resistance – hyperglycemia © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria. 1. a result of pituitary hypofunction 2. excessive urination 3. hypersecretion of cortisol 4. a result of hyperthyroidism © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.