Download The Endocrine System - Destiny High School

8
The Endocrine
System
Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of
the Endocrine System
Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs
Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and
Diseases
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.1
Functions and Control of
the Endocrine System
Do Now
• Grab your folders.
• Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms”
worksheet.
• Chapter 8 Lesson 1 begins on page 268.
• You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
• Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are
finished.
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Today’s Objectives
1. Explain how the endocrine and nervous systems
work together to regulate bodily functions.
2. Describe the basic anatomy of the endocrine
system.
3. Describe the functions of hormones, and explain
how hormones move through the body.
4. Identify the two classifications of hormones.
5. Explain how hormones help maintain
homeostasis.
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What We’re Covering Today:
Functions and Control of the Endocrine System
• anatomy of the endocrine system
– The endocrine system controls and monitors organs,
glands, and processes in the body.
– The endocrine system uses hormones that first collect
information and then stimulate organs, glands, and
tissues.
• hormones
• hormone secretion control
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Anatomy of the Endocrine System
• The endocrine system is a collection of organs and small glands that
directly or indirectly influence all the functions of the body.
• Endocrine glands
– Endocrine glands are ductless glands
– “Endo” – meaning within or in – so they secrete substances internally.
– Hormones – chemical messengers
– These hormones are secreted directly into bloodstream
– Examples: hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland,
thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes, and ovaries.
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• Exocrine glands
– Gland that secrete externally
– Secrete hormones through a duct that are carried to the body’s
surface or to other organs.
– Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands,
lacrimal glands, pancreas glands.
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Hormones
• Hormones are responsible for many different feelings and drives.
• Think about when you are hungry or thirsty? What controls those
feelings?
• 2 Classifications of Hormones
– steroid hormones–lipid-based
– amino acid hormones–protein-based
• Most steroids are amino acid based
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• Hormone receptors
– Hormones are transported throughout the body by the
blood.
– Hormones only affect the tissues and organs that have
receptors specific to those particular hormones.
– When the hormone binds with its receptor, the hormone
is able to influence the activity of the cell.
– Upregulated–increased
• Example: Exercise upregulates insulin receptors to make
them more sensitive to insulin.
– Downregulated–decreased
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Hormone Secretion Control
• Endocrine glands are regulated in three different
ways:
– neural control
• epinephrine
– hormonal control
• hypothalamic-releasing hormone
– humoral control
• glucagon
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• Neural Control
– Nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to release
hormones.
– Fight-or-Flight Response:
• The Sympathetic Nervous System stimulates the adrenal
medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
• These hormones prime the body to fight or flee from a
stressful situation.
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• Hormonal control
– Hormonal control of the endocrine glands and organs is achieved
by a hierarchy, or chain of command.
– Endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine
organs, starting with the hypothalamus.
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• Example of Hormone Control
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–
Think of the hypothalamus as the president of a company.
The pituitary gland is the vice president.
The other glands serve as managers.
As the president, the hypothalamus directs the activities of the
pituitary gland (VP). The pituitary gland then releases its
many hormones to direct the “managers”.
– The hormones from the “managers” have an end goal to
stimulate target tissues.
– Once the goal is achieved, the hypothalamus (Pres) and the
pituitary gland (VP) receive messages from the managers to
turn off the release of hormones.
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Hormone Secretion Control
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• Humoral Control
– Achieved by monitoring the levels of various substances
in body fluids, such as the blood.
– If a homeostatic imbalance is detected, corrective
actions are undertaken to help the body regain
homeostasis.
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Hormones and Homeostasis
• Remember homeostasis is
functional balance.
• negative feedback
– mechanism that reverses a
condition that has exceeded the
normal homeostatic range to
restore homeostasis
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The Hypothalamus
• helps regulates body temperature
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones.
2. Endocrine glands have ducts.
3. Steroid hormones are proteins.
4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated.
5. Glucagon is under humoral control.
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Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.2
Major Endocrine Organs
Major Endocrine Organs
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The Hypothalamus
• helps regulate
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–
–
–
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metabolism
heart rate
energy level
body temperature
thirst
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• prolactin (PRO)
– growth of mammary glands
– milk production in a nursing mother
• growth hormone (GH)
– growth of bone and muscles
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
– release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
• thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
– release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
– in females
• estrogen production
• egg production
– in males
• sperm production
• luteinizing hormone (LH)
– in females
• ovulation
– in males
• testosterone
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Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
• antidiuretic hormone
– acts on kidney, decreases
urine output
• oxytocin
– acts on uterus, causes
contractions
– acts on breast, causes
secretion of milk
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Major Endocrine Glands
• thyroid gland
– thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3
• controls rate of metabolism
– calcitonin
• removes calcium from blood, puts into bones
• parathyroid gland
– parathyroid hormone
• removes calcium from bones, puts into blood
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Major Endocrine Glands
• thymus gland
– thymosin
• development of immune system
• pineal gland
– melatonin
• produces sleepiness
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Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
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Adrenal Glands
• adrenal medulla
– epinephrine and norepinephrine
• adrenaline rush
• adrenal cortex
– mineralocorticoids
• aldosterone
• sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys
– glucocorticoids
• cortisone and cortisol
• promote gluconeogenesis
– sex hormones
• estrogen and androgens
• maintains sexual characteristics
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Adrenal Glands
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Pancreas
• islets of Langerhans
– alpha cells
• glucagon
• increase blood glucose level
– beta cells
• insulin
• decrease blood glucose level
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Gonads
• testes
– testosterone
• sperm production
• ovaries
– estrogen
• secondary sexual characteristics
• progesterone
• menstrual cycle
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin, or
adrenal cortex.
1. The thymus gland produces _______________.
2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin
and _______________.
3. Mineralocorticoids are produced by the
_______________.
4. T4 is also called _______________.
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Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.3
Endocrine Disorders
and Diseases
Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
•
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•
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pituitary disorders
thyroid disorders
disorders of the parathyroid gland
adrenal medulla disorders
disorders of the adrenal cortex
the pancreas and diabetes mellitus
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Pituitary Disorders
• hyperfunction
– acromegaly, or gigantism
• hypofunction
– dwarfism
– diabetes insipidus
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Thyroid Disorders
• hyperthyroidism
– goiter
– Graves disease
• hypothyroidism
– myxedema
– neonatal hypothyroidism
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Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
• disorders of the parathyroid gland
– hypercalcemia
– hypocalcemia
• adrenal medulla disorders
– pheochromcytoma
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Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
• Cushing syndrome
– hypersecretion of cortisol
• Addison’s disease
– hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones
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The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
• symptoms of diabetes mellitus
– polyuria
• excessive urination
– polydipsia
• excessive thirst
– polyphagia
• increased hunger
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The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
• type I diabetes mellitus
– juvenile-onset
• type II diabetes mellitus
– adult-onset
– insulin resistance
– hyperglycemia
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism,
Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria.
1. a result of pituitary hypofunction
2. excessive urination
3. hypersecretion of cortisol
4. a result of hyperthyroidism
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