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SECTION 1
The Age of Exploration
European Colonial Expansion
South Carolina Social Studies State Standard 7-1 (Indicators 7-1.1 through 7-1.5, and
7-2.2)
Priority state standard
Standard 7.1- The student will demonstrate an understanding of the growth and impact
of global trade on world civilizations after 1600.
This Section’s Indicator
Indicator 7-1.1 Compare the colonial claims and the expansion of European powers
through 1770.
Exploration
___Global___________ _______Exploration________ means to explore unknown
regions of the world.
There were no accurate maps of the oceans during the early part of European
exploration.
(Imagine trying to explore outer space without a map of the Solar System!)
___Currents_________ are moving streams of water that run through oceans that often
pushed ships off course.
Wind was another large factor that made it difficult for the Europeans to navigate.
Why Explore?
__Trade__________ was what lured the Europeans into unknown seas.
After the Silk Road was no longer controlled by the Mongol Empire, locals began to put
a ___tax_____ on travel, causing prices of Asian goods to rise.
The ___Ottoman__________ _____Turks________ blocked the Italians from using
trading posts on the Black Sea to force the Italians to trade with them instead.
The Italians controlled the flow of Asian goods into Europe.
The Europeans needed to find an all-water route to Asia to make trade more affordable
and profitable!
Which European countries explored?
There are five important countries to remember.
1) Spain
2) Portugal
3) England
4) France
5) Netherlands
The Spanish reach the Americas
In ___1492______, Christopher Columbus is funded by __Spain______ to set sail and
find a westward route to Asia.
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain want two things out of his trip:
1) _____Expand Trade__________________________
2) ______Spread Religion_________________________
Columbus and his crew sail for nearly 70 days, much longer than expected, before they
land in the Bahamas.
He believes that they are in the East ___Indies_______, and therefore, calls the people
“Indians.”
Columbus makes four trips to America, but never realizes where he truly is.
This gives ____Spain_____ an early advantage to securing land in the newly found
Americas. Spain has the money and the power.
The Spanish Reach the Americas
Spanish _____conquistadors________ (conquerors) took over islands in the Caribbean,
Central America, __South______ ____America________, and the southwest
region North America.
To do this, Spanish conquistadors such as Hernan Cortes and Fransisco Pizzarro
conquered Indian tribes in the area of Mexico.
The Spanish enslaved several _____Native_____ __Americans__________ and
____Africans_____ to work their farms and mine.
Spain profited off of the ___gold_______ and __silver__________ that they found in
America.
The Spanish Reach the Americas
Portugal’s (Spanish funded) ___Ferdinand____________ _________Magellan_______
led a crew to become the first explorers to circumnavigate (go all the way
around) the world.
Unfortunately, Magellan did not make it all the way!
Magellan was the one who named the _____Pacific_____ Ocean.
The passage Magellan found around South America is known as the ____Strait______
_Of____ __Magellan______________.
Spanish Claims
By 1750, the Spanish claimed much of the western coast and lands inland in
___South________ _____America______, most of Central America and the
current day southwestern United States, as well as current day Florida. They
also had some claims in Asia, near the Indies.
The English In the americas
Looking for a northern route to Asia, __John______ ____Cabot_________ is the first
English funded explorer to reach America.
He lands in northern _______Canada_____, and calls it Newfoundland (very clever).
Years later, England (Protestant) and Spain (Catholic) got into a religious war, which
caused the ____Spanish________ ___Armada__________, in which smaller
English ships defeated larger Spanish ships.
This gave the English the ability to begin exploring more of the Americas.
English claims
People from England often times made the journey to America for religious freedom or
because they were unemployed.
The first permanent English settlement in America was Jamestown (Virginia).
In 1620, the __Pilgrims________ came to America and settled in Plymouth,
Massachusetts.
After success in Plymouth, more English settlers came over and settled the area known
as the ___13_____ __colonies____________ in the current day United States.
The English claimed territories in eastern coastal America, as well as much of northern
_____Canada______.
French in the americas
Samuel De Champlain was the explorer who founded the capital colony of
_____Quebec______, ___Canada________ for the French.
From Quebec, fur trappers, explorers, and missionaries ventured south from Canada to
the Mississippi River, and traveled south to the Gulf of Mexico, naming the
region ____Louisiana__________.
France claimed much of current day central and southern United States, as well as
southern Canada.
Portuguese claims
With the assistance of early exploration of Prince Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese
were rumored to be the first Europeans to ___explore________. This created
a lot of envy, which persuaded other European nations to explore.
They claimed much of the eastern coast of South America, as well as some of the
eastern and western coast of Africa.
Dutch (Netherlands) claims
Help from the English in the Spanish Armada allowed the Dutch to begin exploration.
The Dutch did much of their exploring in the Indian Ocean, and claimed land in what
would be called the ____Dutch_____ ____East_______
_____Indies________, near Asia.
They also held land in current day South Africa, as well as the northern coast of
___South ____ ______America______.
Section 2
This Section’s Indicator
Indicator 7-1.2- Explain how technological and scientific advances contributed to the power of
European nations.
Technological and Scientific innovations
Several technological and scientific innovations gave the _____Europeans________ the ability
to dominate the world politically, militarily, and ____economically__________.
The three innovations we will look at in the following three slides will show how the Europeans
were able to dominate the water.
This allows them to control: ___trade______, travel, and naval operations.
The Compass
The compass uses a _____magnetic_____________ needle to determine direction.
It was invented in ______China______ and brought to Europe by Arab traders.
Over time, Europeans improved the compass, which helped them figure out where they were in
relation to the North and South ___Poles______.
The Astrolabe
The astrolabe allowed sailors to use the position of the __sun______ and ____stars_____ to
determine latitude.
It was arguably developed by the Greeks, but Arab scientists fully developed it.
Combined with the compass, the astrolabe kept sailors from getting lost at sea!
The Caravel
A caravel is a small ship that sits high on the seas, making it ideal for sailing close to
____shore______ and into shallow inlets.
It was designed in the 1400’s by ________Portuguese_________ shipbuilders.
Explorers such as Christopher Columbus used it to sail across the oceans.
Although smaller than other ships, it could carry _____130______ tons of cargo (usually
weapons like rifles and cannons).
Gunpowder
Gunpowder is a mixture of ___chemicals__________ (potassium nitrite, sulfur, and carbon) that
explode when lit.
The ____Chinese_______ developed gunpowder and gave it to the Europeans.
The Europeans first discovered the power of gunpowder when Muslim armies brought it into
Europe during the _____Crusades_____.
The development of _____rifles_______ and cannons came after gunpowder was fully
developed.
This was a huge advantage for European explorers; they brought it into lands that had never seen
guns before and used it to conquer new places (like Columbus in America).
The Europeans were able to dominate these areas with fewer _____people______ than the
natives of the lands.
Expansion in many ways
Expansion and colonization did not stop with claiming land.
Europeans also spread their ___cultural _________ ______beliefs_____, economic models, as
well as political systems and ideas.
Example: People currently living in Mexico now speak primarily Spanish and have an estimated
90% Roman Catholic population. These are both things that the Spanish brought over
during their conquest.
Section 3
This Section’s Indicator
Indicator 7-2.2 Explain how the scientific revolution challenged authority and influenced the
Enlightenment philosophers, including the importance of the use of reason, the
challenges to the Catholic Church, and the contribution of Galileo and Sir Isaac
Newton.
Scientific revolution
The Scientific Revolution was born out of advances made in the areas of ____math_____ and
_____science______ in the late 1500’s and early 1600’s.
It all stemmed from exploration, as new truths and research was proved to be correct.
As this evidence grew, scientists and people began to question the Roman ____Catholic______
________Church____.
Reason is the use of scientific and ___logical________ thinking to draw conclusions from
society.
They wanted proof through _____evidence___________.
The breakaway from faith in religion and the new movement towards reason became known as
the ________Enlightenment__________.
Geocentric or heliocentric?
Claudius Ptolemy created the geocentric model that explained the layout of our Solar System,
and it was used for about ____1400_______ years!
Geocentric means that the ____Earth_____ is at the center of the universe.
However, during the Scientific Revolution, Nicolaus Copernicus disputed this model and
developed the heliocentric model, which is still used today.
Heliocentric means that the _____Sun_____ is at the center of the universe.
Galileo
Galileo (Galileo Galilei), believed that new knowledge could come through
__experiments_________.
He is famous for challenging Aristotle’s idea that the heavier an object is, the faster it
falls.
He improved many scientific instruments, such as the ___telescope________ and the clock. He
also invented a water thermometer and helped invent the barometer, an instrument
that measures _air_____ ___pressure________.
With the use of the telescope, Galileo agreed with Copernicus that the ___sun_____ was indeed
at the center of the universe.
Galileo’s ideas were published and condemned by the Roman Catholic Church. They stuck to the
geocentric model, and even tried to have Galileo charged with heresy (for having
ideas that are anti-religious).
He was placed on house arrest by the church towards the end of his life.
Isaac Newton
Newton famously discovered ___gravity________, by watching an apple fall to the ground from
a tree (or so it is rumored).
Newton developed the universal law of gravitation which explained that the force of gravity
holds the entire solar system together by keeping the planets in their orbits.
This led to the rise of modern _____physics_______, the study of physical properties such as
matter and energy.
The Scientific Method
The scientific method established a systematic way to find proof using
_____reason/evidence/experimentation______.
It is a logical procedure for testing theories that began with asking a question, forming a
____hypothesis_______, testing the hypothesis through
____experiments____________, analyzing that data, and reaching a conclusion.
Church Versus science
The _____Bible_________, as interpreted by the Roman Catholic Church served as authority for
society prior to the Scientific Revolution.
While the church relied on faith and revelation for its theories, science relied on
___reason________.
With new scientific theories, the teachings in the Bible and of the church were called into
question.
The church was threatened with losing its, political, social, and ______economic____________
authority.
The church often times would tell scientists to renounce or stop their teachings or face
excommunication (to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious
community), or other punishments (like Galileo’s house arrest).
Political Environment
The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment began challenging the idea of
_____unlimited_________ governments (where one person or a group of
people have control of an entire government).
A new idea of a _____limited___________ government (a government in which power is limited
by a constitution or other source of authority) was beginning to be developed in the
1600’s and 1700’s.
Section 4
This Section’s indicator
Indicator 7-1.3- Summarize the policy of mercantilism as a way of building a nation’s wealth,
including government policies to control trade.
Economic Changes
Rapid changes in expansion and global trade for Europe between 1600-1700 caused economic
changes as well.
Navigational techniques, the European discovery of the ______new_____ ____world________
(America), and a growing _____middle______ class led to the a more complex
system of economics.
They moved away from the ______feudal_______ system based on land ownership.
The feudal system was a political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals.
A lord would be served by a __vassal___________ (knights), who would fight for the lord when
needed.
In return, the vassal would be granted land, and control over the _____serfs_______ and
____peasants______ who worked and lived on the land.
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is the idea that a country gains power by building up its supply of
______gold_______ and ______silver______. The mother country wanted to build
wealth!
To be successful, countries wanted control and regulate trade and to have a larger amount of
___exports_________ (goods being shipped out of the country) than imports (goods
being brought into the country).
By doing this, countries could get more gold and silver and build wealth.
Mother countries and Colonies
A mother country is simply one’s native country (where someone came from).
A colony is ______groups_______ of people living in a new territory controlled by their home
territory.
The job of a ______colonist_______ (one who lives in a colony), is to produce goods for their
mother country that they do not already have.
Colonies provided inexpensive __raw___ _____materials___________ and resources for
European nations.
Mother Countries and Colonies
Mother countries would ____control__________ the colonies and their trade by only allowing
colonies to trade with their mother countries.
Mother countries would also place ____tariffs__________ (taxes), on goods imported by the
colonies.
Often times, colonies would export raw materials to their mother country, the mother country
would make a finished product, tax it, and then sell it back to the colony! (Smart
business).
SECTION 5
This Section’s indicator
Indicator 7-1.4- Analyze the beginnings of capitalism and the ways it was affected by
mercantilism, the developing market economy, international trade, and the rise of the middle
class.
Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based upon the _____private_______ ownership of resources
and production that is driven to make a _____profit_______.
Private ownership means that a company is owned by a person or a group of people, rather than
by the government.
In capitalism, people, rather than ______governments__________, own property, make goods,
buy and sell them freely.
In the 17th and 18th century, capitalism became more prominent as the European economy
changed.
Factors that led to capitalism
1) The growth of ________international___________ trade that stemmed from
improved navigational techniques.
2) The European discovery and _____colonization________ of the New World
(America).
3) A growing ___middle____________ class.
These factors made the economy more _____complex________, which is why capitalism was
developed.
As we learned in the last section, _________mercantilism___________ became the major
economic model, but private ownership (capitalism), was the instrument through
which trade operated.
Risk
Risk is something that has to be taken by entrepreneurs and other members of a
________capitalist________ economy.
Merchants and ship owners took risk and many enjoyed the ____profits_________ (money
made), of the growing international trade.
These people became the ________middle___ class.
Middle class means people who are between the ____upper_______ and working class.
The middle class contributed heavily to the growing market in Europe.
The middle class became the ones who created _____private_______ businesses.
Risk- the Starbucks story
Beginning as a single store opened by two teachers and a writer, Starbucks is now a company
that is estimated to be worth 35 billion dollars!
The people who started Starbucks took a ____risk______ when opening the first store.
It could have gone out of business, and they could of lost all the money they invested, but now
they are rich!
Market economy
A market economy is a system is which individual buyers and sellers interact in the
marketplace to exchange ___goods___________ and services.
A market economy is based on the concepts of supply (how much there is of something) and
________demand______ (how much people want).
Mercantilism, international trade, a rising middle class, and a developing market economy all led
to the creation and advancement of ____capitalism_______________.
Section 6
This Section’s indicator
Indicator 7-1.5- Compare the differing ways that European nations developed political and
economic influences, including trade and settlement patterns, on the continents of
Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
European influences in Asia
European expansion developed political and economic influences in __Asia______, America,
and ______Africa_____.
Interaction in Asia was prompted through ______trade_______, colonization, and expansion.
Asia was different than the Americas and Africa because it was more
____advanced_________.
Asia was prosperous, relatively modern, and had civilizations with a strong
____military________.
This created an “equal” relationship between Asia and Europe.
European Influences in Asia
Due to this equal relationship, Europe and Asia engaged in _____mutual_________
beneficial trade relationships.
To facilitate this trade, European ____trading_____ __posts_______ were built on the
coasts and port cities of Asia.
This causes Asia to become more _____dependent________ on European trade and
markets.
It also created a more prosperous _____merchant________ class in Asia.
European Influences in Asia
There was no significant European colonization in Asia compared to the
___Americas_________.
For centuries, Asian civilizations tended to be _____isolated__________ from one another and
from Europe.
European expansion and trade caused this tradition of isolation to fade.
Due to this new contact with Europe, the religion of ____Christianity_________ began
to spread to Asia through missionaries.
This caused certain Asian governments to limit or ___cut _______ ____off___ trade completely
with Europe to protect their cultures.
European Influences in the Americas
In the Americas, a lot of _____colonization_____________ took place (you already know this!)
Several European nations colonized parts of the Americas, including the main five: Spain,
Portugal, __England_____________, France, and the
___Netherlands______________.
In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, ___gold_______ and _____silver______ were
discovered, which made __trade__________ crucial.
European Influences in the Americas
The Spanish and Portuguese created _____plantation____________ systems which depended on
Native American labor, and was later replaced by the _______African_________
slaves.
This plantation system caused a economic, political, and social system in which the Native
American and African slaves were ___excluded_______________ and given harsh
punishments.
The rise of ______sugar cane________ as a cash crop in the Caribbean and Amazon basin
created more demand for plantation systems.
The English also used plantation systems to grow crops such as ____tobacco____________, rice,
indigo, and some sugar.
France, England, and the Netherlands did not enslave Native Americans, but they did import
slaves from ______Africa___________.
European Influences in the Americas
The English and French also used ___indentured___________ servants.
A group of these English servants were called “____redemptioners_______________”
who would negotiate their terms of service to pay for their travel and living
in America.
___25___% of indentured servants were convicted criminals from English; the state of
________Georgia_______ was based on this idea.
After the American Revolution, the English began sending their convicts to their
former colony, _______Australia____________.
European Influences in the Americas
In many of the French and ___Dutch_______ colonies, silver, gold, and plantation farming were
not typical.
To make these colonies profitable, the Dutch had ___trading___________ posts in
South America.
The only successful Dutch colony was called _______Suriname_________.
The French established trade posts with the _____Native_______ ____Americans__________ in
North America.
____Fur_______ trade allowed the French to establish very good relations with the Native
Americans, which won them alliances from the Natives in the French and Indian
War.
French and Indian war
It was fought between two sides: the ___English_________ vs. the French and Indians.
It was roughly 60,000 French colonists and Natives versus an estimated _2___
_______million____ English!
The English wanted to take over the fur trade and ___land_________ from the French.
After many years of fighting, the English had defeated the French and Native Americans.
As a result, the _____English_____ gained much of France’s land.
This caused France’s power and ____influence______ in the Americas to decline
European Influences in the Americas
In all of these settlements, the Europeans made their ______political______ presence felt as well
by instituting new forms of government.
The Spanish and Portuguese used central ___monarchies_________ and appointed
viceroys and royal representatives to monitor their colonies.
The French and Dutch colonies were not as strict and allowed the
______colonists________ to make many of the political decisions.
The English allowed a _representative________________ government system that let colonists
elect representatives to participate in decision making.
Colonial settlements in America
Large amount of people from mother countries came to the Americas to settle.
The first of these settlements was called ___Jamestown____________ and was settled by the
_________English_______.
It was established as a trading settlement, but became permanent.
After Jamestown flourished, the _______Pilgrims_______ came to America to establish a colony
based on _____religious__________ freedom.
The Pilgrims were _______Protestant___________.
The intent of the ______Puritans______ was to make the colonies they settled into permanent
colonies.
The Spanish and Portuguese also spread _____Catholicism__________.
However, this was not their main goal in the Americas.
European Influences in Africa
In Africa, economic and political influence was based on the ____slave__________ trade (due to
plantation farming in the Americas).
To acquire slaves, the Europeans engaged in trade with African tribes, and exchanged goods
such as _______weapons______, cloth, iron, and ____horses_______ in return for
slaves.
This caused _____tribal_______ warfare in Africa, where members of one African tribe would
capture members of another tribe and sell them to the Europeans.
Some tribes became very ____powerful___________, while most suffered from the loss of
people.
African families and communities were separated, and the loss of workers led to
_______economic________ problems in Africa.
Africans fight back
Africans began _____resistance_________ movements to try to stop the European slave trade.
To do this, they either attacked European slave traders in Africa, or revolted on the slave ships.
Just like in Asia, there was no significant colonization or ___political________ takeover like
there was in the Americas.