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Walking in Agora, OF CULTURE AND SPORT theMINISTRY heart of the ancient Athens! GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF ANTIQUITIES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE DIRECTORATE OF MUSEUMS DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND COMMUNICATION Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! -1- Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! Now the time has come to listen closely to the pulse of ancient Athens… Listen to what the Athenian citizens have to say and help them go where they want. Find the places that they want to visit on the map and note the correct number in the box. Hint: read about each site in the information provided below. I am Nikias, one of the 10 generals of the city. This period is extremely critical. The Peloponnesian war has broken out and our city is in grave danger. I am in no mood for socialising, my purpose is to restore peace to Athens. In which building will I working until late at night to save the city? Α. Nikias Antipatrou Korydalleus, a General What a great honour to be appointed Eponymous archon of the city. I did not believe my luck! However, my name was drawn in the lottery. Where should I go to take my oath before assuming my duties? Β. Aristeides Phrixou Deceleus, an Eponymous Archon Today I decided to wake up at the break of dawn and go to the Helaia to see if I was lucky and appointed by lot to be a judge. Pericles raised the salary for judges from one to three obols, a sum not to be looked down on. I hope that the kleroterion will be on my side today! C. Demodocus Chrysippou Mesogeus, a candidate judge My name is Xanthos and I work as a slave at the family of Kallinikos. Our home is located in the demos of Koile and I come here to buy what we need for our daily meals. Where should I go to buy fresh fish? D. Xanthos, a slave in Athens -2- Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! Hail! My name is Memnon and I have been appointed as bouleutes. I belong to the presiding tribe. Where should I go to enjoy my lunch? Ε. Memnon Demophonta Acharneus, an Athenian bouleutes -councillorA new day has dawned, its time for a walk. I don’t have many opportunities to go outdoors. However I can fill my hydria with fresh water for our home. F. Glauke, a poor Athenian Hail! I want to meet my teacher Gnesippous to enter into philosophical discussions. The stoa is nice and cool. Ideal for our profound philosophical discussions. G. Plato Aristonos Kefiseus, a philosopher’s apprentice A new day has dawned! What new developments have occurred? Where should I go to learn the news of my city? Η. Metrocles Polykletou Aphidneus, an Athenian citizen My name is Socrates and I like to help people discover the truth that they hide within them without being aware of it. I have to respond to Meletos’ charge that I am impious. Where should I go? I. Socrates Sophroniskou Alopekeus, an Athenian philosopher -3- Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! Have you ever wondered why when we leave one grain of wheat to fall we don’t hear the sound it makes, but when many grains fall together the sound can be heard clearly? J. Zeuxippos Egesandrou Phalereur, an Athenian philosopher Now I also have a say in the laws that regulate life in our city I am one of the 500 bouleutes that will prepare the bills of the laws before they are discussed in the Assembly. Where should I go though in order to take part in my first meeting? K. Deinocrates Terpandrou Athmoneus, a Bouleutes I didn’t sleep at all last night. Today is the big day! I will propose that we start building one hundred brand new triremes. Where should I submit my proposal? L. Anaxagoras Democratous Phlyeus, an Athenian citizen Hail! I am Aristogeiton and I came of age today! Where should I go to report it and to be finally recognised officially as an Athenian citizen? M. Aristogeiton Melikerti Alimousios, a young Athenian -4- Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! 12 11 10 2 3 8 5 4 9 6 7 13 1 1. The Panathenaic Way 2.Metroon (Old Bouleuterion) 3.Tholos 4. Stoa Basileios or Royal Stoa 5. Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios 6. Stoa Poikile 7. South-eastern Fountain 8.Heliaia 9. Monument of the Eponymous Heroes -5- 10.New Bouleuterion 11. Strategeion 12.Pnyx 13.Altar of the12 gods Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! 1. The Panathenaic Way: The main road that crosses the Agora. It was named after the procession that passes during the Greater Panathenaea. Traders of all kinds would come here to sell their ware. Their benches were filled with staples, such as fresh fish, vegetables, meat, as well as other goods, including sophisticated perfumes. 2. Metroon (Old Bouleuterion): The state archives were kept here. It was named in honour of Rhea, the mother of gods, who now had the most important archives in the world under her protection. This is where young Athenians came upon reaching adulthood (at 18 years old) to be recorded on the lists and be recognised from that point on as Athenian citizens. 3. Tholos: This round building was the seat of the presiding tribe that was designated to govern for approximately 35 days. Out of the fifty prytaneis, 1/3 of them had to be present for zthe entire day, in the event of emergency 4. Stoa Basileios or Royal Stoa: This is the seat of the king Archon, responsible for the charges of impiety. Athens’ most important laws are kept here. Initially the Athenians had set up wooden pillars (“kyrveis”) with Solon’s laws, which were replaced by marble ones. The “Oath Stone» is located outside the stoa. This is where the ten archons of the city took their oath before assuming their duties swearing that if they violated the laws may their whole line be wiped out! Preliminary investigations for impiety charges take place here. 5. Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios: Exactly next to the Stoa Basileios is an elegant stoa with 2 side wings: The Athenians honoured Zeus Eleutherios here. They believed that he helped Athens remain a free city. The shields of glorious warriors who died for Athens to remain free, decorated the building. The Athenians enjoyed meeting daily in this stoa that was very aesthetically pleasing. Socrates would often hold discussions with his pupils here. -6- Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! 6. Stoa Poikile: One of the most beautiful buildings in the Agora! It was named after the paintings that adorned it. These depicted glorious moments of Athenian history, such as the battle of Marathon. All kinds of people frequented the stoa Poikile such as fishermen, beggars and even men performing “magical” tricks. This is where people came in order to discuss and comment on developments. 7. Southeastern Fountain: Located on the square of the ancient Agora, next to the Southern Stoa. Women and slaves came here to fill their hydrias with fresh running water. This was a good opportunity for women to get out of the house and meet other young girls. 8. Heliaia: The court that tried most cases between Athenians. The judges were called heliasts and were drawn by lot on the day of the trial from 6,000 Athenians over 30 years of age, who had volunteered as jurors for a year. 9. Monument of the Eponymous Heroes: This monument was erected to honour the heroes of Attica after whom the ten tribes were named. Announcements were posted here daily to inform citizens on matters of importance. So if somebody wanted to be informed on developments, this would be the first place to visit. The relevant announcements would be placed under the corresponding hero of his tribe. -7- Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! 10. New Bouleuterion: The place where the Boule convened. It was built around 415 BC and replaced the Old Bouleuterion that was located right next to it. This is where the 500 bouleutes (councilors) met to prepare the issues to be discussed in the Ecclesia to demou (Assembly). The resolutions of the Assembly, laws and lists of Athenian epheboi (young men) were kept in this building. 11. Strategeion: The seat of the 10 generals in charge of military issues. It is located close to the Tholos. 12. Pnyx: The Athenians started convening the Ecclesia tou Demou (Assembly) at Pnyx, on the slopes of the hill located a small distance from the ancient Agora, from the 6th century BC onwards. Great orators such as Themistocles, Pericles, Demosthenes and others have spoken there. From the moment that the salary of three obols was established, Athenians were even more intent in participating in the assembly. 13. Altar of the 12 Gods: The Altar of the 12 Gods was dedicated to the 12 gods of Olympus. This was the point from which all distances from Athens were calculated. It was a sacred space and persons fleeing persecution came to seek asylum as suppliants. -8- Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! Get to know the 10 heroes of Attica after whom the tribes of Attica were named! 1. ERECTHEUS: A great king of Athens. He chose the goddess Athena as the protector of the city and as a result its inhabitants were called Athenians - even to our days! 6. OINEUS: There isn’t a lot of information about this hero. In his honour the Erechtheis tribe was established! The Oineis tribe was established in his honour! 2. AIGEUS: Legendary king of Athens descended from Erectheus and father of Theseus, hero known for killing the Minotaur, terrible monster at the palace of king Minos. 7. CECROPS: One of the truly ancient kings of Athens, half man – half serpent. Thanks to Cecrops the Athenians learnt how to create cities, invented writing and honoured their dead by burying them. In his honour the Aigeis tribe was established! 3. PANDION: King of Athens. Athenians believed that in his years their ancestors were taught the art of cultivating cereals and growing grape vines. In his honour the Cecropis tribe was established! 8. HIPPOTHOON: Hero of Attica and son of the god of the sea, Poseidon. In his honour the Pandionis tribe was established! In his honour the Hippothontis tribe was established! 4. LEOS: Herald from the demos Agnounta who saved Theseus’ life by informing him about the attack that the Pallantides planned against him. The Leontis tribe was established in his honour! 9. AJAX: King of Salamis and glorious hero who fought in the Trojan war. He was considered the second most valorous man after Achilles. In his honour Sophocles, the tragic poet, wrote the tragedy “Ajax”. 5. AKAMAS: Son of Theseus and Phaidra. He founded two cities named Akamantas in Cyprus and Phrygia. In his honour the Aiantis tribe was established! The Akamantis tribe was established In his honour! The Antiochis tribe was established in his honour! 10. ANTIOCHOS: Son of Hercules and Meda. -9- Walking in Agora, the heart of the ancient Athens! ΛΥΣΕΙΣ Α. 11 Β. 10 C. 8 D. 1 Ε. 3 F. 7 G. 5 Η. 9 I. 4 J. 6 K. 10 L. 12 M. 2 MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND SPORT GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF ANTIQUITIES AND CULTURAL HERITAGE DIRECTORATE OF MUSEUMS DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND COMMUNICATION Αthens, 2015 Project coordinator: Maria Lagogianni, Ph.D. (Archaeology) Souzana Choulia – Kapeloni, Archaeologist General editors: Tonia Koutsouraki, Archaeologist Alexandra Seleli, Archaeologist / Museologists Texts: Eleni Fragkaki, Αrchaeologist, Cultural Heritage Management Consultant Translation into English: Katerina Apostolaki, Translator - Interpreter Graphic design editor: Spilios Pistas, Graphic artist Graphic design: Irene Charalampidi, Graphic designer Illustrated by: Manolis Tsambourakis, Painter Copyright © 2015 Ministry of Culture and Sport ΙSBN 978-960-386-208-6 The leaflet “Walking in Agora the heart of the ancient city!”, was created and digitized in 2015, within the framework of Act code no. MIS 339815 “Updating and digitizing educational material to support the educational process, which is implemented by the Directorate of Museums as part of the Operational Programme “Education and Lifelong Learning” and jointly funded by the European Union (European Social Fund) and by national resources.