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Bell Work: • Quiz – Surprise! Ancient Rome World Civilization A Mrs. Elam & Mrs. Wilson The Geography of Rome Physical Characteristics Ancient Rome was…. • Next to the Mediterranean Sea • It covered parts of Europe, Asia and Africa • A peninsula • Rocky and mountainous • Built on hills • Next to the Tiber River https://www.khanacadem y.org/humanities/ancientartcivilizations/roman/begin ners-guide-rome/v/atour-through-ancientrome-in-320-c-e https://www.bing.com/vide os/search?q=video+of+th e+roman+empire+in+the+ first+century+ad&view=de tail&mid=23D2C5540EF9 A6821ED523D2C5540EF 9A6821ED5&FORM=VIR E Italy in 750 BCE Etruscan Political System Z Independent, fortified city-states. Z Formed small confederacies. Z Had a strong military that dominated all the surrounding peoples. Z By 6c BCE, the Etruscan military had conquered much of the Italian peninsula,including Rome and the island of Corsica. The Etruscan Alphabet Etruscan Religion Z Polytheistic. Z Believed that the destiny of man was determined by the whims of the gods. Z Believed in prophecy and reading the signs of nature by augurs. Z Believed in predestination. Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch Etruscan Tomb Wall & Tomb Fresco The Gate of Volterra: First known Archway in History! The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus – Volunteers? Representative Democracy • Citizens (wealthy men) voted for representatives to make laws for them. • Laws applied to everyone. We use a representative democracy in America today! Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. Adaptations to the Environment Ancient Romans adapted to their mountainous land by 1. 2. 3. Growing olives and grapes Having small farms on terraced hillsides Trading on the Mediterranean Sea The People of Ancient Rome • Men were citizens • Women were caretakers – Boys were educated • Girls learned handicrafts and household chores What would you be doing in Ancient Rome? Jobs of the Romans • Farmers • Road builders • Traders Roman Art Roman artists created: Pottery Jewelry Tools Mosaics were a special art form that used small pieces of tile, glass or stone. Architecture Romans used arches in buildings, bridges and aqueducts. Roman Aqueducts Aqueducts were designed to pump water in to the city. The water was used for humans and for irrigation. Rome’s Early Road System Road Building The Romans created a network of paved highways. This joined the empire together and allowed soldiers to move swiftly from one area to another. Roman Roads: The Appian Way Religion The Romans began by worshipping different gods and goddesses (like the Greeks), but eventually become Christians. Ancient Romans also…. • Changed our calendar to 365 days and named the months • Gave us 1/3 of our English language • Used Roman numerals that we still see today on clocks, watches, and in books I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X School Life • Academic Year • Began March 24 (Feast of Minerva) • 7 days/week, but many holidays (e.g., Quinquatria (Mar. 19-24) • Sunrise start, followed by lunch/siesta & classes • Corporal Punishment common • Knuckles, ears, hair, posterior all fair targets • Horace referred to his teacher Oribilus as a “plagosus” (thrasher!) • Pedagogy • Oral emphasis (dictation, lecture, disputation) • Memorization and recitation, enunciation • Quaestiones (abstract concepts) vs. causae (specific situations) vs. declamatio (advocacy of action) • No systematic study or curriculum until 1st c. BC Roman tools for school What are Myths? • Tells a traditional story • involving supernatural beings or forces (not always) • embodies and provides an explanation for something such as – – – – the early history of a society a religious belief or ritual a natural phenomenon (a cultural\moral allegory) • The Romans also went to the theatre to watch plays or listen to music. • The actors often wore masks to show whether their character was sad or happy. The Roman Forum The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Disgust and Delight • Upper class sponsors gladiators and paints pictures of them in murals in their homes, but claims to hate the combat in public • Roman senate declares that people who fight in gladitorial combat could lose their high status . . . Yet they had mockfights themselves The Rules According to Claudius • If a gladiator fell down (even if by accident), he had to be killed, so that the emperor could see his face as he died. Animals and Combat • Animal fights grew more popular as the empire expanded and access to exotic animals from conquered provinces grew • Emperor appears more powerful if he can bring animal fights to the people • Animals are chained together to fight Why did Romans admire them? • Not in Roman society, but still were famous • Courageous fighters • Got praise and were popular heroes When the upper class plays gladiator . . . • Fight prostitutes dressed up as animals • Fight tame animals that would not really hurt them • Engage in mock arena fights in private Fight to the death • An *intentional* fight to the death was more rare than you might think • Gladiators would often fight until surrender or injury • Often fought with dull weapons • Crowd could demand that the fight stop Explaining death • Gladiators control their fate on their funeral monuments • Say they were victims of Nemesis (revenge) • Opponent cheated • Never appear in death to be the victim of the crowd or killed on a whim All good things come to an end • Constantine publically declares his hatred for gladiatorial combat, but does not stop it • His son, Constantius II, prevents members of the imperial guard from fighting • By the 4th century, emperors no longer act as sponsors • The result is a decline in gladiatorial combat Conclusions • This is a public spectacle • The Romans equated this experience with going to the theater • For the gladiator, however, this was a chance to overturn the social order of things and receive fame and fortune Roman Relaxation What did the Romans do to entertain themselves? Did they play games? How did they relax? Roman Baths Why were baths so popular with the Romans? • Roman baths were • more like a visit to a leisure centre than a quick scrub. • The Romans loved the baths because they were a good place to • meet people and business could be conducted there. • When you went to the baths you firstly changed and did some• exercises. Then you might have a swim before going into a series of rooms that made you hotter and hotter to help you sweat off the dirt. All the dirt and sweat was then scraped off with a STRIGIL (made out of metal). They then swam in the cold pool. Games • The Romans played similar games to what we play today. Board games with counters and dice were very popular with the Romans. • Hunting was also popular. People in the countryside The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch A Bit of Perspective