Download Notes Ch. 2.3 2013 - Red Hook Central Schools

Notes: Carbon Chemistry
Chapter 2 Section 3
Single molecules of a compound will join together with the same molecule or a molecule of a different
substance.
 Single molecules - monomers - join together to become polymers in a process called
polymerization
 Macromolecules – large molecules formed through polymerization
Organic molecules and compounds
 molecules that make up living organisms
 Organic compounds have carbon-carbon bonds. Inorganic compounds do not.
 Organic chemistry studies all chemical compounds that have carbon and hydrogen as their base
elements
plus the elements Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
Properties of Carbon
 Has four valence electrons
 Carbon forms strong covalent bonds (single, double, or triple bonds)
 Can make long chains
 Can make rings
Four classes of organic molecules that use carbon as the base element.
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
 Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
 Glucose: C6 H12 06 (ring shape)
o Ratio:
1 :
2 :
1
 Saccharides
o A single molecule of saccharide is called monosaccharide (glucose)
o Two molecules of saccharide bonded are called a disaccharide
o Two or more saccharides joined: polysaccharides
 Uses of Carbohydrates: Main source of energy in all living things
o Sometimes animals take in more carbohydrate energy than they need.
o In humans and other animals, unused (extra) glucose molecules are stored in the liver
as glycogen.
 Complex carbohydrates include starch (stored)
 Plants also use carbohydrates as energy.
 Plants also make cellulose.
o Cellulose is a tough fiber that gives plants their rigid shape.
Lipids
 Molecule is made from Carbon and Hydrogen with a little Oxygen.
 Made of long chains of molecules
 Not soluble in water.
 Made when glycerol joins with fatty acid.
o If all the carbon bonds are single then it’s saturated (as many hydrogen atoms as
possible)
o At least one double bond = unsaturated.
o More than one double bond = polyunsaturated
 Types of Lipids: Fats, Oils, Waxes
 Uses of Lipids:
o Store unused energy
o Make up membranes that surround cells.
o Waterproof coatings on the leaves and stems of plants.
Nucleic Acids
 Very large molecule (polymer)
 Contain elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Phosphorus
 A monomer is called a nucleotide – 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate group (PO4), and a
Nitrogenous base
 Used to store and transmit genetic (inherited) information
 Types of nucleic acids: DNA and
RNA
Proteins
 Contain elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and sometimes Sulfur
 made of smaller molecules called amino acids
o There are more than 20 amino acids found in nature.
 Use of Proteins: source of energy, help to form bones and muscles, regulate the speed
of metabolic reactions, form cellular structures, allow materials to cross the cell
membrane, are used in the immune system to help fight diseases, help maintain
homeostasis
 Enzymes: a type of protein that speed up chemical reactions in cells