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Classification of Living Things Chapter 18 http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg REMEMBER BIODIVERSITY ______________ total of all the living things in an ecosystem SPECIES ___________ population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other Biologists have identified and named 2.5 million over______________ species so far. Estimates = between 2-100 million species yet be discovered http://www.millan.net WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names organisms Groups organisms in a logical manner TAXONOMY _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance helps make sense of relationships. BIRD . . . ? An animal with feathers Image from: http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg A good classification system: places organisms in a group with other organisms that are similar A good classification system: UNIQUE Uses names that are _________ CHANGE as new data is discovered Can _____ RELATIONSHIPS Shows _____________ of organisms (300 B.C.) Image from: The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher ARISTOTLE _______________ more than 2000 years ago. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html Aristotle’s system By: Riedell PLANTS: Based on size of stem ANIMALS: Based on where they lived Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg Common names can vary Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar . . . are all names for same animal By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism Common names vary Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm Common names can be misleading Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is! Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg Common names can be misleading http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buteo_buteo_5_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a vulture. http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/HoodedVulture(HM).jpg By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use ____________ Latin and Greek to give a single name to each species. EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” PROBLEMS: Names too hard and long to remember! Different scientists described different characteristics. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels TAXONS OR ____________ Each organism has a two part scientific name = BINOMIAL _________________________ NOMENCLATURE Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Family Felidae Genus Panthera Species leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) 1st name = _______________ GENUS NAME – Always capitalized 2nd name = _________________ SPECIES NAME –Always lower case UNDERLINED or Both names are ______________ ITALICS written in ____________. GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears) Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear http://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gif http://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 18-2 In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will __________! MATE Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar characteristics _______________. BUT. . . which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT? Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water? OR with mammals because it breathes air and makes milk for its young? Look at these 3 organisms: BARNACLE CRAB http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.html http://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpg http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/ LIMPET BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006 Judging by appearances you would probably put limpets and barnacles together in a group and crabs in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving! Look more closely! LIMPET BARNACLE Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. Limpets DON’T ! CRAB Look more closely! LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body So do CRABS ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. So do CRABS ! LIMPET SNAIL Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS. Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/ Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006 BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS MODERN TAXONOMY Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history = Evolutionary classification _____________________ MODERN TAXONOMY The study of an organism’s evolutionary history = phylogeny CLADISTICS ____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members = __________________ Derived characters Derived characters can be used to construct a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg cladogram = ________ Derived characters appear at branches of the cladogram showing where they first arose. Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006 Cladograms help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences. Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits. EX: All living things use ______________to pass on DNA and RNA information and control growth. http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms. http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move MYOSIN called __________ Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move. http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed. African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family. Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK. Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a recent common ancestor more ______________________ between storks and American vultures African vulture American vulture Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Stork Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently MOLECULAR CLOCK = ________________ Mutations ____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code. dissimilarity Degree of _________ is an indication of how long ago two species shared a common ancestor Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 Different genes accumulate mutations at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”. http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock. Kingdoms & Domains Chapter 18-3 http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg As we discovered more about the natural world… not all organisms fit into Linnaeus’s plant or _____) animal 2 kingdoms (_____ fungi Ex: _________ _____ bacteria Images from: http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpg http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg FIVE ORIGINAL KINGDOMS _______________________ (BACTERIA) http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg As we learned more about bacteria, MONERA kingdom was split the __________ into TWO distinct kingdoms ___________ Eubacteria & ______________ Archaebacteria 6 KINGDOMS used today Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia THREE-DOMAIN system Molecular analyses have given taxonomic rise to a new ___________ category _______ now recognized = DOMAIN _______ Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Domains are larger than Kingdoms and are based on the kind of Ribosomal RNA an organism has. ____________ 6 Kingdom System Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Kidspiration by Riedell Cell without a nucleus PROKARYOTE = ____________ REMEMBER (Includes bacteria) Cell with a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes = _________________ EUKARYOTE (includes plants and animals) Organism that can make its own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis = AUTOTROPH ______________ Organism that gets food energy from consuming other organisms = HETEROTROPH _____________ A ONE-CELLED organism UNICELLULAR = _____________________ REMEMBER Organism made of many cells MULTICELLULAR = ______________ Polysaccharide made by joining glucose molecules together which makes plants sturdy = _________________ CELLULOSE http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/default.htm DOMAIN: BACTERIA KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA PROKARYOTES _______________________ UNICELLULAR ______________________ PEPTIDOGLYCAN Have cell walls with ________________ AUTOTROPHS or HETEROTROPHS Can be ____________ ______________ E. coli, Streptococcus EXAMPLES: _____________________ http://chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu/ZHONG/research/bacteria3.jpg Polymer made of sugars and amino acids found outside the cell membrane in the cell PEPTIDOGLYCAN wall in some bacteria = ______________ http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=481 DOMAIN: ARCHAEA KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA PROKARYOTES _________________ UNICELLULAR _________________ Have cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycan _________ HETEROTROPHS Can be AUTOTROPHS ___________ or ______________ Halophiles; thermophiles; EXAMPLES: _____________________ LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS like volcanic hot springs, brine pools, low oxygen http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/737B7002-C31D-418D-84C5-D0E68ED87BBB/134228/hero6483.jpg Organisms that can live in HIGH temperature environments THERMOPHILES = ________________ Organisms that can live in high salt environments HALOPHILES = ______________ http://web0.greatbasin.net/~wigand/petespaleo/Columbus%20Salt%20Marsh.jpg DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PLANTAE EUKARYOTES _______________________ MULTICELLULAR ______________________ CELLULOSE Have cell walls with ________________ and CHLOROPLASTS _____________ AUTOTROPHS _________________ Mosses, ferns, trees, EXAMPLES: _____________________ flowering plants http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: ANIMALIA http://www.millan.net EUKARYOTES _______________________ MULTICELLULAR _____________________ NO CELL WALLS or _______________ CHLOROPLASTS ________________ HETEROTROPHS __________________ Worms, insects, fish, birds, EXAMPLES: _____________________ mammals, humans DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: FUNGI EUKARYOTES _______________________ Most MULTICELLULAR; few UNICELLULAR ______________________ CHITIN Have cell walls with ________________ _______________ HETEROTROPHSabsorb nutrients from decaying __________________________________ organic matter _______________________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ Mushrooms, yeast http://www.ontarionature.org/home/images/mushrooms.jpg DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PROTISTA _______________________ EUKARYOTES Most UNICELLULAR; some colonial/multi ______________________ Some have cell walls with CELLULOSE ________________ Some have chloroplasts ____________________ AUTOTROPHS or HETEROTROPHS Can be _____________ _____________ Amoeba; Paramecium; EXAMPLES: _____________________ Giant kelp; slime mold http://www.ravelgrane.com/pix/proj/draco/paramecium-nahrung.gif 6 Kingdom System Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Kidspiration by Riedell Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea KINGDOM ____________ Eubacteria Archaebacteria Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote ____________ Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls ___________ of chitin ___________ Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts Unicellular _____________ Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular ___________ Multicellular ____________ MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or _____________ Heterotroph _____________ Heterotroph Autotroph ___________ Heterotroph ____________ EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS Figure 18-13 Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains Section 18-3 DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdoms DOMAIN BACTERIA Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show Image Sources http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html http://www.gifs.net http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/ http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm http://www.drtoy.com/news/ http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif http://www.gifs.net http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg