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Page 1 of 7 Ch 1 A. Life Organization Simple to Complex Unicellular (one celled organisms) to Multi-cellular organisms (humans, oak tree) Compartmentalization Living Cell – can reproduce itself independently from other external sources Bacteria – living cells Viruses – not considered living cells (protein coats and genetic material: DNA or RNA), as they require a host to reproduce Prions – not considered living cells Page 2 of 7 Biosphere: Earth’s crust, waters, atmosphere (N2,O2,CO2, H2O, Ar, Kr…) inhabited by living organisms Ecosystem: community plus environment Community: Interacting populations in a particular area Population: Several organisms of the SAME KIND in a particular area Page 3 of 7 Organism: an individual (if complex, then contain organ systems) Organ: composed of a number of tissues and organized to perform a particular task (may be part of an organ system: digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, rectum; pancreas, liver, gall bladder) Tissue: group of cells with a common structure and function (histology/histologists) Cell: smallest unit of a living thing (cytology/cytologist) ______________________________________ Molecule: smallest unit of a compound that displays properties (physical and chemical) of that compound Large (bio-macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids) and small (water) Atom: smallest unit of a molecule (H2O: 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen; CH3CH2OH ethanol) Living Things Acquire materials and energy Homeostasis – maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries (think body Page 4 of 7 temperature) hyperthermia hypothermia Respond (to stimuli), Reproduce (“March of the Penguins”), can Adapt and change Biodiversity: total number of species, variability of their genes and the ecosystems in which they live. Extinction: death of a species or larger taxonomic group (mass extinctions) – are they occurring now? B. Classification of Living Things Taxonomy – classification system Three Domains (Big Picture): Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) Eukarya: organisms whose cells contain a true nucleus (an organelle that contains the genetic material/information to carry on life) Unicellular and multicellular Page 5 of 7 Bacteria and Archaea: Prokaryotes: organisms that do NOT contain a true nucleus, and do not have organelles Eukarya Kingdoms: Protists (unicellular), Fungi , Plantae, Animalia Human Corn Domain Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Plantae Phylum Chordata Anthophyta Class Mammalia Liliopsida Order Primates Commelinales Family Hominidae Poaceae Genus Homo Zea Species H. sapiens Z. mays C. Process of Science Laws of Nature Theories -> Hypotheses Observations – 5 senses Sight Sound Smell Touch Taste Page 6 of 7 Behaviors, Trends, Phenomena Scientific Method (Process) 1. Observation (use our senses, read other peoples’ scientific work/observations) Hypothesis – offer an explanation for the observations/behavior/educated guess)… test Experiment/Further Observations…. Involves procedures replicates…reproducibility Data Collection Use of Controls Control Groups (exposed to everything that the test group will be exposed to EXCEPT for one variable) versus Test Groups Preventing Bias – prevent “favoritism” Conclusion: Experiment supports the hypothesis Experiment does not support the hypothesis Abstract Introduction Materials & Methods Page 7 of 7 (Procedure) Results (stats, graphs, diagrams, pictures) Discussion Conclusion References