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Ch 1
A. Life
Organization
Simple to Complex
Unicellular (one celled organisms) to
Multi-cellular organisms (humans, oak tree)
Compartmentalization
Living Cell – can reproduce itself independently
from other external sources
Bacteria – living cells
Viruses – not considered living cells (protein
coats and genetic material: DNA or RNA), as they
require a host to reproduce
Prions – not considered living cells
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Biosphere: Earth’s crust, waters, atmosphere
(N2,O2,CO2, H2O, Ar, Kr…)
inhabited by living organisms
Ecosystem: community plus environment
Community: Interacting populations in a
particular area
Population: Several organisms of the SAME KIND
in a particular area
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Organism: an individual (if complex, then contain
organ systems)
Organ: composed of a number of tissues and
organized to perform a particular task (may be part of
an organ system: digestive system: mouth,
esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum; pancreas, liver, gall bladder)
Tissue: group of cells with a common structure
and function (histology/histologists)
Cell: smallest unit of a living thing
(cytology/cytologist)
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Molecule: smallest unit of a compound that
displays properties (physical and chemical) of
that compound
Large (bio-macromolecules: proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids) and small
(water)
Atom: smallest unit of a molecule (H2O: 2 atoms
of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen; CH3CH2OH
ethanol)
Living Things
Acquire materials and energy
Homeostasis – maintenance of internal conditions
within certain boundaries (think body
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temperature)
hyperthermia
hypothermia
Respond (to stimuli), Reproduce (“March of the
Penguins”), can Adapt and change
Biodiversity: total number of species, variability of
their genes and the ecosystems in which they live.
Extinction: death of a species or larger taxonomic
group (mass extinctions) – are they occurring now?
B. Classification of Living Things
Taxonomy – classification system
Three Domains (Big Picture): Bacteria, Archaea,
Eukarya)
Eukarya: organisms whose cells contain a true
nucleus (an organelle that contains the genetic
material/information to carry on life)
Unicellular and multicellular
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Bacteria and Archaea: Prokaryotes: organisms that do
NOT contain a true nucleus, and do not have
organelles
Eukarya
Kingdoms: Protists (unicellular), Fungi , Plantae,
Animalia
Human
Corn
Domain
Eukarya
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Plantae
Phylum
Chordata
Anthophyta
Class
Mammalia
Liliopsida
Order
Primates
Commelinales
Family
Hominidae
Poaceae
Genus
Homo
Zea
Species
H. sapiens
Z. mays
C. Process of Science
Laws of Nature
Theories -> Hypotheses
Observations – 5 senses
Sight
Sound
Smell
Touch
Taste
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Behaviors, Trends, Phenomena
Scientific Method (Process)
1. Observation (use our senses, read other peoples’
scientific work/observations)
Hypothesis – offer an explanation for the
observations/behavior/educated guess)… test
Experiment/Further Observations…. Involves
procedures replicates…reproducibility
Data Collection
Use of Controls
Control Groups (exposed to everything that
the test group will be exposed to EXCEPT for one
variable) versus Test Groups
Preventing Bias – prevent “favoritism”
Conclusion:
Experiment supports the hypothesis
Experiment does not support the hypothesis
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
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(Procedure)
Results (stats, graphs, diagrams, pictures)
Discussion
Conclusion
References