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Name: GEOSCIENCE CPC FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET 2012 Chapters on final exam: 1, 22, 23; 24; 25, and parts of 26 Chapter 1: Science Skills Vocabulary: Science Geology Astronomy Biology Manipulated / Independent Variable Controlled Scientific Theory Experiment Scientific Notation Density Line graph Bar graph Chemistry Physics Scientific Method Hypothesis Responding / Dependent Variable Scientific Law Scientific Model Precision Pie /Circle graph Accuracy Concepts / Skills: What are the three main branches of science and how what does each branch focus on? How can you construct an experiment to answer a question using the scientific method? Critique and analyze controlled experiments Identify the independent (manipulated) and (dependent) variable Accuracy vs. Precision Which number is more precise: 5; 5.2; 5.25 How to interpret line, bar, or circle graphs Convert large and small numbers into scientific notation Convert numbers in scientific notation into their expanded form. Identify the S.I. units for mass, length, volume, and density Convert between prefixes of the metric system (mm cm; kg g). Chapter 22: Earth’s Interior Vocabulary Crust (Oceanic & Mantle (Lithosphere, Continental) Asthenosphere, Mesosphere) Core (Inner vs. Outer) Rock Cycle Igneous Rock (Intrusive vs. Extrusive) Sedimentary Rock (Clastic, Chemical, & Organic) Metamorphic (Foliated) Plate tectonics Continental Drift Pangaea Mid-ocean ridge Earthquake Convergent plate boundary (Subduction & Mt. Building) Divergent Plate Boundary (Sea-floor spreading & Rifting) Transform Plate Boundary Epicenter P wave, S wave, & Surface Waves Focus Silicates Seismic Waves Seismograph Hot spots & mantle plumes Volcanic sill, dike, & batholiths (or pluton) Richter & Moment Magnitude Scales vs. Mercalli Scale Shield volcano Volcano & Seamount Caldera Cinder cone Composite Faults Dip-slip (vertical) Strike-slip (horizontal) Folds Trench Concepts/Skills: Compare the three main layers in terms of composition and density. Compare the subdivisions of each layer (Inner vs. Outer core; Meso vs. Astheno. vs. Lithosphere; ocean vs. continental crust) What evidence supported Alfred Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift? How is the ocean floor recycled by sea-floor spreading (@ mid-ocean ridge) & (@ subduction (@ trenches)? Compare divergent, convergent, & transform plate boundaries in terms of plate motion, location, & results (Trenches?; Mts.?; Rift valleys?; Mid-ocean ridges; Earthquakes; Etc.) Why & where do EQs happen? Compare seismic waves and the scales that are used to evaluate EQs. Why & where do volcanoes erupt? How were the volcanoes in Hawaii formed compared to volcanoes along the “Ring of Fire” or at the Mid-ocean ridge? What is the Ring of Fire? Where is it? What type of volcanoes are found there? Quiet vs. Explosive eruptions (silica content, water content, and temperature) Three volcano types – shape and typical type of eruption Chapter 23: Earth’s Surface Vocabulary Water cycle Groundwater Transpiration Glacier Watershed & Tributary Permeable vs. Impermeable and Water Table Weathering (Mechanical vs. Chemical) Erosion V shaped valleys Meanders Oxbow lakes Mass Movement (Landslides, mudslides, creep, & slump) Law of Superposition Deposition Deltas & Fans Sinkholes & Caves Law of Cross Cutting Index Fossil Relative Dating Absolute dating (radioactive dating) Half-life Till, moraine, Ushaped valley, and horn Eras & periods Concepts/Skills: Trace movement of water through atmosphere and Earth’s surface with the water cycle (Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration, ground water) Identify % of fresh and salt water and where most fresh water is found. How does weathering and erosion change the surface of Earth? Identify examples of mechanical weathering (frost wedging, abrasion, plant roots). Give examples of chemical weathering (cave formation by limestone decay, oxidation of rocks with iron). How does stream erosion change the landscape (V shaped valleys, meanders, oxbow lakes)? How do streams change over time? How do glaciers change the landscape (signature signs of glaciers: U shaped valleys, horns, glacial lakes, erratic boulders, till, moraine)? Interpret diagrams using the law of superposition, cross-cutting, index fossils, intrusions, and erosion to sequence rock layers. Be able to write a geologic history of an area based on a picture of a cross section. Give examples of landforms formed by weathering, erosion, and deposition. (Deltas & Alluvial fans; meandering streams; caves; etc) Know the Eras that Earth’s history is divided up into and the major developments that happened during each. What was the climate and atmospheric/general environmental conditions of each era? Know that periods make up eras. Chapter 24: Weather & Climate Vocabulary Atmosphere Air pressure Barometer Troposphere Weather Stratosphere Ozone layer Mesosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere Aurora Polar, temperate, & tropic zones Wind (Local vs. Global) Jet Stream Solstice Equinox Rotation vs. Revolution Greenhouse effect Sea & Land Breeze Coriolis Effect Monsoon Dew point Cloud Air mass Front Cold front Humidity & Relative humidity Stratus, Cumulus, Cirrus (alto and nimbus varieties) Warm front Stationary front Occluded front Hurricane Meteorologists Tornado Climate El Nino Greenhouse Gas Snowball Earth Global warming Fog Concepts/Skills: What is the composition of our atmosphere? (gases & percents) What protection does our atmosphere provide for us? Compare the layers of the atmosphere in terms of altitude, temperature changes, or special features? How does air pressure change with increasing altitude? What causes the seasons? Compare equinoxes to solstices (location of the sun’s direct rays, length of day, etc.) Earth’s Energy Balance: Energy In vs. Energy Out vs. Energy Trapped What really heats our atmosphere? (The sun directly? Infrared radiated off of surfaces?) Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere: Radiation, Conduction, & Convection What causes winds? What direction does wind always blow? How can temperature influence air pressure? Warm air has ____ pressure; Cold air has ____ pressure. Compare warm air to cool air in terms of pressure, direction of movement, capacity to hold water. Identify sea & land breezes. Identify the global winds & describe/illustrate how they are influenced by the Coriolis effect. What happens when air temps. dip below the dew point? Why do clouds form? What conditions are necessary? Compare cloud types in terms of shape, altitude, associated weather. Compare types of precipitation (rain, snow, hail, sleet, & freezing rain). Characteristics of different air masses and fronts. Compare cold, warm, stationary, & occluded fronts (how they form, duration, & associated weather). Low Pressure vs. High Pressure in terms of density, wind direction, moisture, and associated weather. How to hurricanes, t-storms, & tornadoes form? Interpret weather maps and make forecasts. What factors determine a region’s climate? (Latitude, altitude, proximity to water, ocean currents, global wind patterns, pressure systems, Mt. barriers, etc) El Nino: What is it? What causes it? How long does it last? What are some effects? What are possible causes of ice ages? When was the last ice age? What is “Snowball Earth” and what evidence supports this theory? How do greenhouse gases influence global temperatures (global warming and the greenhouse effect)? List greenhouse gases & explain how they work. What human activities can affect Earth’s climate? Chapter 25: The Solar System Vocabulary Geocentric Heliocentric Asteroids Gas Giants Comet Nebular Theory Dwarf planet Ecliptic Kuiper Belt Accretion Astronomical Unit Oort Cloud Planetissimals Concepts/Skills: Compare geocentric and heliocentric models of the solar system (who proposed each and where is the sun / earth in each model) Describe shape of orbits and how inertia and the sun’s gravity keep them moving in their orbits. Identify how many AU Earth is from the sun and be able to convert AUs to kms (conversion factor given) Map out the organization and order of planets, asteroids, comets, etc. in our solar system. What do inner/terrestrial planets have in common, and how do they differ from gas giants? What do most outer planets (gas giants) have in common (5 things)? Why was Pluto declassified as a planet? What is it classified as now? Compare asteroids, comets, and kuiper belt objects (location & composition) Identify planets based on defining characteristics (extreme temp. changes, red spot, etc.) How can atmospheres influence temperatures? How did the solar system form from a spinning cloud of dust & gas (Nebular Theory)? What evidence supports this theory? Chapter 26: Exploring the Universe Vocabulary Sun’s core Solar Flares Main sequence stars Red Giants (red, yellow, & blue) (&supergiants) Neutron star & pulsars Black hole Star System (Binary Clusters Stars) Red shift vs. Blue shift Big bang theory SunSpots White dwarf Light Year Black dwarf Nebula Galaxy (spiral, elliptical, irregular) Quasars Star spectrums Nuclear Fusion Hubble’s Law Concepts/Skills: What is the sun’s source of energy? Describe what happens in nuclear fusion. Where does it take place? How does fusion change as the star / sun ages? How do the forces of gravity and pressure keep the sun / star stable? Compare layers of the sun. What is the source of solar wind? Light years: How many miles/kms in each? If a star is 10 ly away, how far is that in miles and how long does it take for the light to reach us? How does a star’s color influence its temperature? Map out the stages of average and high mass stars (How does the star change in terms of size, density, fusion, brightness, etc.) Compare low, average, & high mass stars (main sequence) in terms of temp., brightness, & length of stage) Compare star systems, clusters, & galaxies in terms of star number. Compare types of galaxies (shape) What does Hubble’s Law tell us about the motion of galaxies and the boundary of the universe? What can star spectrum tell us (Red shift vs Blue shift; age of star or galaxy)? What evidence supports Big Bang?