Download Organs of the Immune System

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Cells
Tissues
◦ Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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Organs
◦ Examples include stomach, liver, heart
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Organ Systems
◦ Examples include digestive and circulatory systems
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Epithelial
◦ Covering or lining tissue
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Connective
◦ Joins, stores and supports
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Blood
Muscle
◦ Internal and external
movement
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Nerve
Muscle
◦ Conducts electrical
signals
Nerve
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Functions
◦ Framework and support
◦ Protection
◦ Storage
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Axial and appendicular skeleton
Bone structure
Joints and ligaments
 Functions
 Movement
 Warmth
 Posture
 Muscle Properties
 Ability to contract
 Ability to be stretched
 Ability to respond to a stimulus
 Muscle Types
 Skeletal
 Smooth
 Cardiac
Actin
Myosin
Human Circulatory Functions
 Protein hemoglobin in
RBC’s transport oxygen
and carbon dioxide gas
 Transport food
molecules (lipids, carbs,
amino acids)
 Transport hormones
 Maintain body temp
 Works with immune
system to help fight
disease
Blood
 In 1628, William
Harvey
demonstrated
that blood travels
in one direction
and in a “closed
circuit”
 Blood is a liquid
tissue
Blood Vessels
Arteries=Oxygenated
exception is pulmonary artery)
Veins=Deoxygenated
(exception is pulmonary ve
Oxygen gas leaves the blood here
in the capillaries
ARTERY from the heartCAPILLARYVEIN to the heart
Double Loop System
Loop 1: To/from the lu
to pick up oxygen and
drop off carbon dioxid
Loop 2: To/from the
body to drop off
oxygen and pick up
carbon dioxide
Human Heart
Right half: accepts oxygen
poor blood from body and
pumps this blood to the lungs
to pick up oxygen.
Left half: accepts oxygen
rich blood from lungs and
pumps this blood to the body.
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Respiration is gas
exchange between
an organism and the
environment
Respiratory
structures include
the nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles
and alveoli
Mechanics of
Breathing
Exhalation
Inhalation
Respiratory Overview
Picture
Nasal
Cavity
Throat
Nose
(pharynx)
Mouth
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus
Diaphragm
Windpipe
(Trachea)
Left lung
Ribs
Alveoli and Bronchi Picture
Trachea
Bronchi
Tubes
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
The protein hemoglobin in red blood cells carries O2
to body cells and brings back CO2 waste from them
NUTRITION
• Nutrition-study of how food affects the
function of living organisms.
• If cells don’t get nutrients, they don’t
function correctly.
• Poor diet = poor cells.
• There are six general categories of
nutrition: carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, minerals, water
3 FACTORS LEADING TO
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS
•
•
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1) Too little physical activity
(sedentary lifestyle)
2) Over consumption of food
3) Malnutrition/undernutrition
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
•Responsible for breaking
down food so that it can be
absorbed by the bloodstream.
•Digestion = breakdown
• Mechanical-large chunks into
small chunks by grinding,
ripping and crushing by teeth
• Chemical-larger molecules
broken into smaller molecules
by enzymes and acid.
•The “ALIMENTARY CANAL” is
the pathway which food travels
through the digestive system.
THE ALIMENTARY
CANAL
ORDER OF TRAVEL THROUGH THE CANAL:
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
36 feet long!!!
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
* The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are
parts of the digestive system but are not
parts of the alimentary canal.
THE MOUTH
• Mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva)
digestion occur in the mouth
• Salivary glands produce saliva, which
lubricates food
• Saliva contains enzyme amylase
• ***Starch digestion starts here
AMYLASE
STARCH
SUGARS
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•
•
•
ESOPHAGUS
Muscular tube leads from back
of throat (pharynx) to stomach
Opening to trachea and
esophagus are right next to
each other
Epiglottis prevents food from
going down the trachea
Muscular contractions
(peristalsis) pushes food down
the esophagus, not gravity
9.8 IN
STOMACH 4 HOURS
•Responsible for protein digestion
•Mechanical digestion—stomach
churns
•Chemical digestion with stomach
•Sphincter muscles control what
enters and leaves the stomach
•Stomach lining contains mucus that
protects stomach from acid
•Ulcers
SMALL INTESTINE
•20 ft. long
•Remaining carbs and
proteins are broken
down
•***ALL lipids are
digested in S.I.
•Gall bladder is attached
(stores bile from the liver
& delivers to the S.I.)
SMALL INTESTINE (CONT.)
•**After nutrients are
digested from food,
they are absorbed
into the blood here
•S.I. contains lots of
capillaries for this
•Mesentery—weblike group of
capillaries
LARGE INTESTINE
•All proteins, carbs,
and lipids have been
removed from food by
the time it gets here
•Water and vitamins in
food is absorbed into
the blood
•Whatever undigested
food is left is feces
and passes out of the
anus
LIVER AND PANCREAS
SECRETE DIGESTIVE
ENZYMES
LIVER FUNCTIONS
Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
Makes and secretes bile,
which breaks down lipids.
Bile is stored in the gall
bladder.
PANCREAS FUNCTIONS
Regulates blood sugar.
Releases digestive
enzymes into the S.I and
neutralizes stomach acid
before it enters S.I.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
•Kidney
•
Filters the blood,
removing
waste
•
Vital role in maintaining
homeostasis
•
Regulate amount of water
in blood
•
~1 Liter of urine
produced
each day.
KIDNEY DISORDERS &
TREATMENT
13 million people
suffer from kidney
disorders in the US.
•~
•
Kidney stones-uric
or oxalic acid,
calcium salts, etc.
collect outside of
kidneys
•
Hemodialysisfiltering of blood
• Receive 2x’s a
week
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Controls and coordinates
functions throughout
the body
Neurons are specialized
cells that transmit
impulses throughout
the body.
Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous
System
Somatic
Autonomic
HUMAN NEURON DIAGRAM
Dendrite
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
terminals
HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system consists
of ductless glands that
produce hormones.
Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal,
thyroid, parathyroid, thymus,
adrenal, pancreas, ovary,
testes
Hormones are chemical
messengers that travel
through the blood stream
and affect activities
throughout the body.
Steroid hormones
Nonsteroid hormones
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Nonspecific defense responses
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Skin and mucous membranes
Inflammatory response
Temperature
Proteins
White blood cells
Specific immune responses
◦ Humoral immunity
◦ Cell-mediated immunity
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Body’s attack
against a pathogen
that made it past
the “front lines.”
Results in
“immunity” because
your immune
response creates
memory cells
SPECIFIC for each
pathogen.
White blood cells
are called
leukocytes
Made in the
thymus (T cells) and
bone marrow (B
cells)
Stored in tonsils,
spleen, and lymph
nodes.
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Main function: produce
and deliver sperm
A sexually mature human
male, produces millions
each day.
Sperm are produced in the
testes by meiosis
(spermatogenesis).
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Tail- used for locomotion
Midsection- contains mitochondria. Why?
Head- holds chromosomes and digestive enzymes
which allow sperm to penetrate into the egg
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The females’ reproductive
role is to:
1.) Make and release eggs
2.) Nourish the developing
fetus
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Ovulation: egg bursts out of the follicle and is
released, moving through fallopian tube, where
it may be fertilized
The uterus must be ready to accept a fertilized
egg.
Different hormones help to control the cycle
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Zygote- Newly fertilized
egg.
Once it begins to divide, it
is called an embryo.
Embryo must “implant”
itself into the uterine wall.
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Transports materials back and forth to the
embryo
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Oxygen – Carbon dioxide
Nutrients (carb’s, protein, fat)
Urea (liquid, cellular waste)
Antibodies