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New World in the Western Atlantic Explorations of Columbus Christopher Columbus Born 1451 Genoa, Italy Went to sea at 14 Moved to Lisbon; married Felipa, daughter of Bartolomeu Moniz—connections to Prince Henry the Navigator Like other educated Europeans, Columbus believed the earth a sphere; rejected Ptolemy’s teaching that earth too big to sail CC set out to prove he could sail to Japan Moved to Spain; 1492: King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella finance Replica of Santa Maria 1st Voyage 1492-1493 Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria Landed on San Salvador (“Jesus, The Savior”) Catapulted Spain past Portugal in race for sea route to Asia Columbus’ 1st Voyage Pope Alexander VI granted Spanish claim to New World Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Line of Demarcation separated Spanish & Portuguese claims on New World Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Columbus made total of 4 voyages to New World CC never gave up on idea of sailing to East Indies But he proved it possible to sail to rim of Atlantic and return to Europe Exploration Columbian Exchange England 1497 King Henry VII sent Italian John Cabot; Searched for “Northwest Passage” Discovered Newfoundland Lost at sea on 3rd voyage Northwest Passage Routes Spain 1499 Spain sent Italian Amerigo Vespucci Portugal 1500 Pedro Álvares Cabral landed on Brazilian coast Germany 1507 Cartographer Martin Waldseemuller published first map of North America Names continent for Vespucci Vasco Núñez de Balboa of Spain 1513 crosses isthmus of Panama Reaches Pacific Isthmus of Panama Ferdinand Magellan of Spain 1519-1522 sets out to circumnavigate the globe Killed in the Philippines after converting a king and queen to Christianity His crew completed voyage “Columbian Exchange” Spaniards brought Christianity, iron technology, sailing ships, wheels, horses, communicable diseases From New World came corn, potatoes, pineapples, tobacco, venereal diseases Spanish Exploration & Conquest Conquest of Mexico Hernan Cortez Became the richest & most famous conquistador 1519 organizes army of 600 in Cuba to invade Mexico Utilized interpreter/mistress Malinali/Marina Hernan Cortez Mexica (Aztec) Led by Emperor Montezuma Montezuma believed Cortez the god Quetzalcoatl & paid tribute Spanish Advantages Military technology & organization Military philosophy—destroy the enemy’s will to fight Militant & confident Christianity Cortez’s use of Indian allies Mexica’s Weaknesses Inferior weapons Undisciplined attacks took time to sacrifice Philosophy of taking captives Epidemic of smallpox & measles Hesitant to fight Cortez if he were a god The Search for Other Mexicos Francisco Pizarro Conquered Incan Empire in Peru 1523 Pizarro executed Atahualpa after receiving his ransom of gold & silver fortune Juan Ponce de Leon killed in Florida 1521battle After his death, historians claimed he searched for “Fountain of Youth” as cure for sexual impotence Hernando de Soto explored Mississippi River 1542 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Explored US Southwest 1542 Coronado Expedition New Spain in the 16th Century Spain dominated the New World Portugal claimed only Brazil Spanish monarchy encouraged plundering of New World Took “royal fifth” Encomieda System Was supposed to encourage Indians to convert to Christianity in return for Indian labor Indians subjected to overwork, mistreatment, & abuse De Las Casas: “What will the Indians think about the God of the Christians?…” Stratified social status system Based on parentage Toll of Spanish Conquest By 1560, major Indian civilization conquered leaders overthrown, religion in contempt, people in forced labor 90% of Indian population wiped out by European epidemics dwindling Indian population caused import of African slaves