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Chapter 6: States of Consciousness I. Waking Consciousness A. Consciousness- ______________________________________ B. _____________- focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus II. Sleep and Dreams A. ________________________ 1. the biological clock 2. regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle B. Sleep- ______________________________________ III. Measuring sleep activity A. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages 1. __________________- slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain 2. __________________- large, slow waves of deep sleep B. Hallucinations- ______________________ IV. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep A. Stage 1 Sleep 1. _____________________ 2. Brain waves become irregular. 3. It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. 4. Person will report they have dreamlike sensations, such as falling. B. Stage 2 Sleep 1. Brain wave cycle slows. 2. EEG spindles (small brain wave bursts) develop. 3. __________________________________. C. Stages 3 and 4 Sleep 1. Increase in delta waves (large and slow waves per second) 2. First time through _____________________________ rejuvenated D. REM (____________________________) Sleep 1. ___________________ 2. ___________________ 3. “__________________” 4. muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active V. Sleep Theories A. ______________________________ 1. Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences 2. Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage. B. ______________________________ 1. Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain. C. ______________________________ 1. Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of firings of the brain as one sleeps VI. Dreams: Freud A. Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) 1. wish fulfillment 2. discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings B. __________________- remembered story line C. __________________-underlying meaning D. Dreams- sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind 1. hallucinatory imagery 2. discontinuities 3. incongruities 4. delusional acceptance of the content 5. difficulties remembering VII. Sleep Deprivation A. Effects of Sleep Loss 1. ______________________ 2. ______________________ 3. ______________________ 4. greater vulnerability to accidents B. Sleep Disorders 1. _______________- persistent problems in falling or staying asleep 2. _______________- uncontrollable sleep attacks 3. _______________ temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and momentary reawakenings C. _____________________ 1. occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 2. high arousal - appearance of being terrified 3. seldom remembered D. ______________________ 1. Formal name for sleepwalking 2. Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep 3. Person can walk or talk but remembers nothing of the experience E. ______________-teeth grinding F. ______________ –bed wetting G. ______________ – 1. sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep 2. Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus VIII. H. ______________________ 1. Occurs when you talk out-loud during sleep. 2. A listener may or may not be able to understand what you are saying. 3. Sleep talking can occur by itself. It may also be a feature of another sleep disorder, such as one of the following: a) REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) b) Sleepwalking c) Sleep terrors d) Sleep related eating disorder (SRED) Hypnosis A. Hypnosis 1. a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur B. ___________________________ 1. Powerful social influences produce a state of hypnosis. 2. This theory notes that a person’s physiological state does not change under hypnosis. 3. Social factors influence people to believe hypnosis will work. C. ____________________________ 1. During hypnosis our consciousness splits so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role that other parts are playing. 2. Promoted by Ernest Hilgard (1904-2001) IX. Explaining Hypnosis A. Hypnosis Technique 1. _____________________ a) The process by which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject b) Usually done by voicing a series of suggestions c) Voice is usually calm and of a rhythmic tone B. Hypnotizability 1. Differences in the ability of people to become hypnotized 2. _________________________ 3. _________________________ C. Limits to Hypnotic Suggestions 1. Suggestions usually involve sensations, thoughts, emotions, and a wide variety of behaviors. 2. _________________________ 3. Hypnosis can lead people to certain behaviors but so can ordinary suggestions. D. ________________________ 1. supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis 2. induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion E. _________________________ 1. suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized 2. used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors F. _________________ 1. a split in consciousness 2. allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others 3. _____________________ a) Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis X. Utility of Hypnosis A. __________________ 1. There are isolated cases of hypnosis helping recall. 2. Cannot be sure if the memory came back due to hypnosis 3. Cannot be sure if the memory is accurate or one that is created to please the hypnotist B. ___________________ 1. Hypnosis does work as a means to control pain. XI. Drugs and Consciousness XII. Psychoactive Drug XIII. a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood XIV. Physical Dependence XV. physiological need for a drug XVI. marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms XVII. Psychological Dependence XVIII. a psychological need to use a drug XIX. for example, to relieve negative emotions XX. Dependence and Addiction XXI. Tolerance XXII. diminishing effect with regular use XXIII. Withdrawal XXIV. discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use XXV. Psychoactive Drugs XXVI. Depressants XXVII. drugs that reduce neural activity XXVIII. alcohol, barbiturates, opiates XXIX. slow body functions XXX. Psychoactive Drugs XXXI. Alcohol XXXII. affects motor skills, judgment, and memory XXXIII. reduces self awareness XXXIV. Barbiturates XXXV. drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment XXXVI. Psychoactive Drugs XXXVII. Opiates XXXVIII. opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) XXXIX. opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety XL. highly addictive XLI. Psychoactive Drugs XLII. Stimulants XLIII. drugs that excite neural activity XLIV. caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine XLV. speed up body functions XLVI. The Physiological Effects of Nicotine XLVII. Psychoactive Drugs XLVIII. Amphetamines XLIX. drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes L. Psychoactive Drugs LI. Cocaine LII. effects depend on dosage, form, expectations, personality and situation LIII. coca leaves LIV. powder LV. crack LVI. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash LVII. Psychoactive Drugs LVIII. Ecstasy LIX. MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) LX. stimulant and mild hallucinogen LXI. dangerous short and long term effects LXII. Psychoactive Drugs LXIII. Hallucinogens LXIV. psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LXV. LSD LXVI. MDMA (Ecstasy) LXVII. Psychoactive Drugs LXVIII. LSD LXIX. lysergic acid diethylamide LXX. a powerful hallucinogenic drug LXXI. also known as acid LXXII. THC LXXIII. the major active ingredient in marijuana LXXIV. triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations LXXV. Psychoactive Drugs LXXVI. Trends in Drug Use LXXVII. Perceived Marijuana Risk LXXVIII. Near-Death Experiences LXXIX. Near-Death Experience LXXX. LXXXI. an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug-induced hallucinations